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Biopsychology > Nervous system and endocrine system > Flashcards

Nervous system and endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are Dendrites?

A

Branch like structures that receive an impulse from other neurons or a sensory receptor.

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2
Q

What are Nodes of ranivier?

A

Gaps between the myelin sheath which helps to speed up the transmission of the electrical impulses by allowing it to jump from node to node.

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3
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

At the end of an axon and they communicate the electrical impulses to the next neuron across a gap called a synapse.

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4
Q

What is the cell body(soma)?

A

The dendrites are connected to the cell body.

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5
Q

What is the axon?

A

Carries the electrical impulses from the cell body to the axon terminal.

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6
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains all the genetic material for the neuron?

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7
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Receives impulses and carry them from the sense organs(eyes ,nose, ears, tongue , skin)to the spinal cord or the brain.

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8
Q

What are Relay neurons?

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons and interpret the impulse’s
They are only found in the brain and spinal cord.

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9
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles or glands(effectors)

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10
Q

What is the function of the sensory neuron?

A

Transmits impulses from receptor cells to CNS.

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11
Q

What is the structure of sensory neurons?

A

Cell body
Long dendrites
Short axon

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12
Q

What is the role of dendrites in the sensory neurons?

A

Form synapses with the receptor.

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13
Q

What is the role of axon terminals in the sensory neurons?

A

Form synapses with relay neurons.

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14
Q

What is the function of relay neurons?

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons to form nerve circuits.

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15
Q

What is the structure of relay neurons?

A

Cell body
Short dendrites
Short axon

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16
Q

What are the role of dendrites in relay neuron?

A

Form synapses with sensory neurons?

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17
Q

What are the role of axon terminals in relay neurons?

A

Form synapses with motor neurons

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18
Q

What is the function of the motor neuron?

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector.

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19
Q

What is the structure of motor neurons?

A

cell body
short dendrites
long axon

20
Q

What is the role of dendrites in motor neurons?

A

Form synapses with the relay neurons

21
Q

What is the role of axon terminals in motor relays?

A

Form synapses with effectors.

22
Q

Where is the location of sensory neurons?

A

PNS

23
Q

Where is the location of relay neurons?

A

CNS

24
Q

Where is the location of motor neurons?

A

PNS

25
Q
A

1.Impulse is received by dendrite of neuron
2.Neuron changes from negatively charged to positively charged for 1m/s
3.Creates electrical impulse which is called axon potential
4.Travels through cell body along axon to axon terminal
5.

26
Q

What is the process of synaptic transmission?

A

-When electrical signal (action potential) reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, it triggers vesicles.
-These are tiny sacs with chemicals that are called neurotransmitters.
These fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their neurotransmitters into the synapse
-Then they diffuse across the synapse towards the receiving neuron.
-Then bind with receptor sites on the dendrites of postsynaptic neuron
-These receptor sites are Specialized to bind with certain neurotransmitters
-Causes either an excitatory or inhibitory response to occur in the postsynaptic neurons .
-Then neurotransmitters are released from receptors
-Either broken down by enzymes or taken back up to presynaptic neuron for reuse (reuptake)

27
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitters and an example?

A

-Make the post synaptic more likely to fire
-Neurotransmitters ‘on switches’-continue the excitatory/arousal message
E.G noradrenaline binds to the postsynaptic receptors which will cause an electrical charge in the cell membrane

28
Q

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters and an example?

A

-Make them less likely to fire
-if an inhibitory neurotransmitter like GABA binds to the post-synaptic receptors it will result in an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP), which makes the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire.
-nervous systems ‘off switches’ as they inhibit/reduce the activation of certain neural pathways

29
Q

What is the autonomic system responsible for?

A

Vital functions such as heart rate,breathing,digestion and sexual arousement

30
Q

What is the main role of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Transmits messages through neurons

31
Q

What is the role of the semantic system?

A

-Receives information from senses and transmits to CNS
-Transmits info from CNS to direct movement of muscles

32
Q

What gland releases the hormone melatonin?

A

Pineal

33
Q

What are the main differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

Endocrine:
Chemical messengers
Long lasting effects
More permanent and wide
Takes longer

Nervous
Electrical impulses
Short lived
Quick
Temporary and localised

34
Q

What happens during flight or fight response?

A

-hypothalamus triggered
-sympathetic branch of ANS activated
-Adrenal medulla (within adrenal gland) secretes the hormone adrenaline
-Adrenaline is a hormone responsible for getting the body ready for action
-Adrenaline produces bodily changes associated with flight or fight response
-parasympathetic branch of ANS activated

35
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

Extension of brain/transports messages to and from brain to peripheral nervous system/responsible for reflexes

36
Q

What is the Order from stimulus to response?

A

Stimulus-receptor-sensory-relay-motor-effector-response

37
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

-Fatty layer
-protects the actor axon and speeds up electrical transmission of the impulse
Little gaps segmented

38
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

Communicate with the next neuron in the chain across a gap known as a synapse

39
Q

What is the process of electric transmission in simple terms?

A

Resting state=negatively charged cell
Stimulus activates neuron=inside becomes positively charged
Action potential occurs
Electrical impulse is created

40
Q

What is the process of chemical transmission?

A

-Electrical impulse travels along the axon of a transmitting neuron
-Causes the presynaptic neuron to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters from presysnaptic vesticles
-These chemical diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron
-The chemical message is then converted back into an electrical impulse and the message continues to next neuron in the chain
-The neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron once they have conveyed the impulse to the next neuron.

41
Q

Name all the different facts about neurotransmitters.

A

-Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to the next neuron in the chain
-postsynaptic receptor site
-conversion of chemical message to electrical impulse
-each neuron transmitter fits perfectly into a receptor’s
-each neurotransmitter has a specific function e.g acetylcholine makes muscles contract.

42
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen and progesterone
Stimulates the testes to produce testerone and sperm

43
Q

What is the function of ovaries?

A

To regulate the menstrual cycle

44
Q

What is the role of the testes ?

A

Development of internal and external male genitalia
Muscle growth

45
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland?

A

Regulates the wake sleep cycle

46
Q

What is the role of the andrenal gland?

A

Produces the flight or fight response

47
Q

What is the role of pancreas and what hormones does it produce?

A

Regulates blood sugar levels
Insulin and Glucagon

Biopsychology (4 decks)

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