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Nervous System- CNS & PNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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2
Q

What structures compose the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which process and transmit information.

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3
Q

What is the main function of the PNS?

A

To control voluntary movements and transmit sensory information

The PNS transmits sensory information and controls voluntary movements.

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4
Q

What is the main role of the somatic nervous system (SoNS)?

A

To control voluntary muscle movements

The SoNS innervates skeletal muscles, allowing voluntary movements.

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5
Q

Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary body functions?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

The ANS controls involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion.

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

The ANS includes the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) divisions.

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7
Q

Which division of the ANS is known as the ‘fight or flight’ system?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

The SNS prepares the body for stress by increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

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8
Q

What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?

A

Maintain homeostasis and promote ‘rest and digest’ functions

The PNS slows heart rate and promotes digestion during restful states.

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9
Q

What neurotransmitter is primarily released by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neurotransmitter of the PNS.

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10
Q

What are the primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine activate the SNS during stress.

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11
Q

What does a visceral afferent fiber do?

A

Carries sensory information from internal organs to the CNS

Visceral afferent fibers carry sensory information from internal organs to the CNS.

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12
Q

What is the function of somatic efferent fibers?

A

Transmit signals to skeletal muscles

Somatic efferent fibers send motor commands to skeletal muscles.

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13
Q

Which type of neuron detects harmful stimuli to prevent injury?

A

Nociceptors

Nociceptors detect pain and prevent injury by responding to harmful stimuli.

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14
Q

What is the main physiological response of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increase blood pressure and bronchodilation

The SNS increases heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation during stress.

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15
Q

Which adrenergic receptor causes vasoconstriction and pupil dilation?

A

Alpha-1

Alpha-1 receptors cause vasoconstriction and pupil dilation.

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16
Q

Which adrenergic receptor decreases sympathetic activity through negative feedback?

A

Alpha-2

Alpha-2 receptors reduce SNS activity via negative feedback.

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17
Q

Which adrenergic receptor increases heart rate and contractility?

A

Beta-1

Beta-1 receptors increase heart rate and contractility.

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18
Q

What effect does Beta-2 receptor stimulation have?

A

Bronchodilation and relaxation of smooth muscle

Beta-2 receptors cause bronchodilation and relaxation of smooth muscle.

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19
Q

What type of medication mimics the SNS by stimulating adrenergic receptors?

A

Adrenergic agonists

Adrenergic agonists stimulate SNS receptors, mimicking catecholamines.

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20
Q

Which beta-1 blocker is used to reduce heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Metoprolol

Metoprolol is a beta-1 blocker that reduces heart rate and blood pressure.

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21
Q

Which medication is a beta-2 agonist used to treat asthma?

A

Salbutamol

Salbutamol is a beta-2 agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.

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22
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine

The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine.

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23
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the main neurotransmitter of the PNS.

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24
Q

What type of receptors does the PNS use?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors

The PNS uses nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

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25
What is the function of muscarinic receptors?
Control heart rate, smooth muscle, and glands ## Footnote Muscarinic receptors control heart rate, smooth muscles, and glands.
26
Which type of medication stimulates parasympathetic activity?
Cholinergic agonists ## Footnote Cholinergic agonists stimulate PNS activity by mimicking acetylcholine.
27
Which medication blocks acetylcholine in the PNS?
Anticholinergic drug ## Footnote Anticholinergic drugs block acetylcholine, inhibiting PNS activity.
28
Which cholinergic receptor is primarily found in the heart and smooth muscle?
Muscarinic ## Footnote Muscarinic receptors are primarily found in cardiac and smooth muscle.
29
What is an example of a muscarinic antagonist?
Atropine ## Footnote Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist that blocks parasympathetic activity.
30
Which drug class is used to treat bradycardia by blocking PNS activity?
Anticholinergics ## Footnote Anticholinergics block PNS activity to treat bradycardia.
31
What is the CNS composed of?
The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information.
32
What does the PNS consist of?
The PNS consists of all nerves outside the CNS.
33
What are the two main divisions of the PNS?
The two main divisions of the PNS are the Somatic Nervous System (SoNS) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
34
What does the Somatic Nervous System (SoNS) control?
The Somatic Nervous System (SoNS) controls voluntary movements.
35
What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulate?
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates involuntary body functions.
36
What is a general rule of thumb regarding medications acting on the PNS and SNS?
Medications acting on the PNS often have opposite effects on the SNS.
37
What are the types of fibers in the PNS?
The types of fibers in the PNS are visceral afferent, visceral efferent, somatic afferent, and somatic efferent.
38
What do motor neurons control?
Motor neurons control voluntary and involuntary movements (e.g., walking, running, speaking).
39
What do sensory neurons do?
Sensory neurons detect stimuli and trigger reflexes (e.g., touching a hot surface, stepping on a sharp object).
40
What is the role of nociceptors?
Nociceptors are pain receptors that prevent injury by detecting harmful stimuli.
41
What functions does the ANS control?
The ANS controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
42
What are the divisions of the ANS?
The divisions of the ANS are the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS).
43
What is the 'fight or flight' response?
The 'fight or flight' response is associated with the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS).
44
What neurotransmitters are associated with the SNS?
The key neurotransmitters associated with the SNS are Norepinephrine and Epinephrine.
45
What neurotransmitter is associated with the PNS?
The key neurotransmitter associated with the PNS is Acetylcholine.
46
What effects does the SNS have on the body?
The SNS prepares the body for stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation.
47
What are adrenergic medications?
Adrenergic medications include adrenergic agonists, which stimulate SNS receptors, and adrenergic antagonists, which block SNS receptors.
48
What are catecholamines?
Catecholamines are physiologically active molecules that act both as neurotransmitters and hormones vital to the maintenance of homeostasis through the autonomic nervous system.
49
What is the effect of epinephrine?
Epinephrine (Adrenaline) affects heart rate and airway dilation.
50
What is the effect of norepinephrine?
Norepinephrine increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.
51
What is the role of dopamine?
Dopamine is involved in motivation, reward, and blood pressure regulation.
52
What does stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors cause?
Stimulation of alpha-1 (A1) receptors causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and pupil dilation.
53
What does stimulation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors do?
Stimulation of beta-1 (B1) receptors increases heart rate and contractility.
54
What is the effect of beta-2 adrenergic receptors?
Stimulation of beta-2 (B2) receptors causes bronchodilation and relaxes smooth muscle.
55
What do beta-1 blockers do?
Beta-1 blockers (e.g., Metoprolol) reduce heart rate.
56
What do beta-2 agonists do?
Beta-2 agonists (e.g., Salbutamol) treat asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle.
57
What are the mechanisms of adrenergic drugs?
Adrenergic drugs can be direct-acting, indirect-acting, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics.
58
What is the function of cholinergic medications?
Cholinergic medications either enhance, mimic, or inhibit acetylcholine.
59
What are the effects of parasympathomimetic drugs?
Parasympathomimetic drugs promote parasympathetic effects (e.g., botox).
60
What are anticholinergic drugs used for?
Anticholinergic drugs are used in antipsychotics, antihistamines, Parkinson's disease meds, and muscle relaxants.
61
What are the side effects of anticholinergic medications?
Side effects include cardiovascular changes, CNS effects, eye effects, GI effects, and respiratory effects.
62
What are muscarinic receptors?
Muscarinic receptors are located mainly in the PNS and are activated by acetylcholine.
63
What are the subtypes of muscarinic receptors?
The subtypes of muscarinic receptors are M1, M2, and M3.
64
What are nicotinic receptors?
Nicotinic receptors are found in the PNS and bind both acetylcholine and adrenaline.
65
What mnemonic can help remember nicotinic receptor locations?
A mnemonic for remembering nicotinic receptor locations could be 'Nervous system Includes both Central and Autonomic systems.'

Pharm (10 decks)

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