Routes of Entry

Question 1

What are the medication rights prior to administration?

Answer 1

• Right drug
• Right dose
• Right route
• Right time
• Right patient

Each right ensures safe medication administration and minimizes errors.

Question 2

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

How drug is moving within the body

It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Question 3

What is the onset time for oral-enteral medications?

Answer 3

20-60 minutes

Oral-enteral medications must travel to the stomach before being absorbed.

Question 4

What is the definition of enteral medications?

Answer 4

Medications absorbed through the GI tract

Includes oral and rectal routes.

Question 5

What is intranasal administration?

Answer 5

Nasal administration can be drops or gels, including aerosols

Can provide medications like Narcan effectively.

Question 6

What does sublingual/buccal administration refer to?

Answer 6

Administration under the tongue or between the cheek and teeth

Allows for quick diffusion into the bloodstream.

Question 7

What is transdermal medication?

Answer 7

Medication applied to the skin and enters the circulatory system through diffusion

Patches can provide controlled-release forms for extended periods.

Question 8

What are the forms of vaginal and rectal medications?

Answer 8

• Vaginal: Cream, gel, capsule
• Rectal: Suppositories

Suppositories are often oil-based to avoid irritation.

Question 9

What is the primary use of inhalation medications?

Answer 9

Work directly into the respiratory system

Administered via aerosol or powder.

Question 10

Define parenteral medications.

Answer 10

Injectable medications directly into the muscle, bloodstream, or skin

They bypass the GI tract and first pass effect.

Question 11

What is the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

Answer 11

• Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the drug
• Pharmacodynamics: What the drug does to the body

These concepts are crucial for understanding drug action.

Question 12

What are the four phases of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 12

• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Excretion

These phases describe how a drug moves through the body.

Question 13

What is active transport in drug absorption?

Answer 13

Requires ATP to move against a concentration gradient

It is one of the mechanisms for drug absorption.

Question 14

What is first-order kinetics?

Answer 14

A constant fraction of the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream

Applies to all routes except IV.

Question 15

What is zero-order kinetics?

Answer 15

100% of the drug is available immediately via IV administration

This means the drug enters the bloodstream directly.

Question 16

What factors influence drug distribution?

Answer 16

• Blood flow to tissues and organs
• Plasma protein binding

Highly perfused organs receive drugs more rapidly.

Question 17

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 17

Protective membrane limiting drug passage to the brain

Only lipid-soluble drugs can cross.

Question 18

What is the primary site of drug metabolism?

Answer 18

Liver

The liver is the main site for drug breakdown.

Question 19

What is the first pass effect?

Answer 19

Orally administered drugs undergo metabolism in the liver before reaching systemic circulation

This reduces the amount available for therapeutic effect.

Question 20

What are the primary routes for drug excretion?

Answer 20

• Kidneys (urine)
• Liver (bile)
• Other routes: sweat, breast milk, feces

The kidneys are the main organ for drug elimination.

Question 21

What are the two main mechanisms by which drugs act?

Answer 21

• Drug-Receptor Interactions
• Drug-Enzyme Interactions

These interactions determine the effects of drugs on the body.

Question 22

What type of foods can interfere with drug absorption?

Answer 22

• Dairy products
• Acidic foods

Certain foods can slow absorption or alter drug effectiveness.

Question 23

What is the significance of tyramine-containing foods?

Answer 23

Can cause dangerous interactions with certain drugs, like MAO inhibitors

This can lead to hypertensive crises.

Question 24

How many medication rights must be verified before drug administration?

Answer 24

6

The 6 rights include the right drug, dose, route, time, patient, and documentation.

Question 25

Which right ensures that the patient receives the correct medication?

Answer 25

Right drug ## Footnote The right drug ensures that the correct medication is administered.

Question 26

When verifying the right dose, what factors should be considered?

Answer 26

All of the above ## Footnote Dose accuracy depends on weight, organ function, and individual factors.

Question 27

What does the right route ensure?

Answer 27

That the drug is administered via the correct method ## Footnote The right route ensures the correct method of administration (e.g., oral, IV).

Question 28

Why is the right time critical in medication administration?

Answer 28

To ensure peak plasma levels for effectiveness ## Footnote Timely administration ensures that peak plasma levels are achieved for maximum effectiveness.

Question 29

Why is verifying the right patient important?

Answer 29

To ensure medication safety and prevent errors ## Footnote Verifying the right patient prevents medication errors and ensures safety.

Question 30

What is the onset time for oral medications?

Answer 30

20-60 minutes ## Footnote Oral medications typically take 20–60 minutes to take effect due to absorption in the GI tract.

Question 31

What type of drug administration bypasses the first-pass effect?

Answer 31

IV ## Footnote IV administration bypasses the liver, providing 100% bioavailability.

Question 32

What is the term for medications administered through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

Answer 32

Enteral ## Footnote Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the GI tract (e.g., oral, rectal).

Question 33

Which route of administration provides the fastest onset?

Answer 33

IV ## Footnote IV administration works almost immediately because the drug is delivered directly into the bloodstream.

Question 34

Which route involves the application of medication directly onto the skin?

Answer 34

Transdermal ## Footnote Transdermal medications diffuse through the skin into the bloodstream.

Question 35

What is an example of a medication administered via the intranasal route?

Answer 35

Narcan spray ## Footnote Narcan (Naloxone) is often administered intranasally to reverse opioid overdoses.

Question 36

What is the main advantage of the sublingual route?

Answer 36

Bypasses first-pass metabolism ## Footnote Sublingual administration bypasses the liver, increasing drug bioavailability.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of a buccal medication?

Answer 37

Nitroglycerin ## Footnote Nitroglycerin is commonly administered sublingually or buccally for angina.

Question 38

Which route of administration involves placing medication inside the cheek?

Answer 38

Buccal ## Footnote Buccal administration involves placing the medication between the cheek and gum.

Question 39

What is the study of how a drug moves through the body?

Answer 39

Pharmacokinetics ## Footnote Pharmacokinetics studies how drugs move through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Question 40

What is the first stage of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 40

Absorption ## Footnote Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream.

Question 41

Where does the majority of drug metabolism occur?

Answer 41

Liver ## Footnote The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism.

Question 42

What term describes the breakdown of a drug into inactive metabolites?

Answer 42

Metabolism ## Footnote Metabolism involves the breakdown of drugs, primarily in the liver.

Question 43

What does first-pass metabolism refer to?

Answer 43

Metabolism in the liver before entering systemic circulation ## Footnote First-pass metabolism occurs when orally administered drugs pass through the liver before reaching systemic circulation.

Question 44

Which route bypasses first-pass metabolism?

Answer 44

Intravenous ## Footnote IV administration bypasses the liver and provides 100% bioavailability.

Question 45

What transport mechanism involves the movement of drugs from high to low concentration without energy?

Answer 45

Passive diffusion ## Footnote Passive diffusion occurs without energy, moving drugs from high to low concentration.

Question 46

Which process uses carrier proteins to move drugs across cell membranes?

Answer 46

Facilitated diffusion ## Footnote Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins but does not require energy.

Question 47

What is an example of a zero-order kinetic drug?

Answer 47

IV medications ## Footnote IV administration follows zero-order kinetics, where 100% of the drug is available immediately.

Question 48

What does pharmacodynamics study?

Answer 48

How drugs affect the body ## Footnote Pharmacodynamics explains how drugs affect the body and interact with receptors.

Question 49

What term describes a drug binding to a receptor to produce a biological effect?

Answer 49

Agonism ## Footnote Agonists bind to receptors and produce a biological response.

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of an antagonist?

Answer 50

Naloxone ## Footnote Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that blocks opioid effects.

Question 51

What is the goal of pharmacodynamics?

Answer 51

To achieve the desired therapeutic effect ## Footnote The goal of pharmacodynamics is to achieve the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.

Question 52

Which receptors do opioids bind to?

Answer 52

MU receptors ## Footnote Opioids bind to MU receptors to produce analgesic and euphoric effects.

Question 53

What is an adverse effect?

Answer 53

An unwanted, harmful reaction to a drug ## Footnote Adverse effects are unwanted reactions caused by a drug.

Question 54

What can increase the risk of adverse effects?

Answer 54

Drug interactions ## Footnote Drug interactions can increase the risk of adverse effects.

Question 55

What is an example of a drug-food interaction?

Answer 55

MAO inhibitors with tyramine-rich foods ## Footnote MAO inhibitors can cause dangerous interactions with tyramine-rich foods, leading to hypertensive crises.

Question 56

What can slow the absorption of oral medications?

Answer 56

Fatty meals ## Footnote Fatty meals can slow the absorption of oral medications by delaying gastric emptying.