Nervous System - midterms Flashcards by Appy L

T or F
The nervous system is one of the systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis. It is the controlling and communicating system of the body.

TRUE

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All is the function of the NS except :
Receiving sensory input
Integrating information
Controlling muscles and glands
Maintaining homeostasis
Muscle growth
Establishing and maintaining mental activity

Muscle Growth

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Located in skull and contains 85 billion neurons

Brain

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connected to the brain through foramen magnum of the occipital bone and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column;

SPINAL CORD

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Incoming sensory information; thoughts, emotions, and memories.

SPINAL CORD

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Stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete

SPINAL CORD

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A bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels

NERVE

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Nerve fibers that carry towards the central nervous system

SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION

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Nerve fibers that carry towards the central nervous system

SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION

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Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from central nervous system

MOTOR (EFFERENT) DIVISION

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The receptors that was discussed during the integumentary system

CUTANEOUS SENSE ORGANS

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The receptors that was discussed during the integumentary system

CUTANEOUS SENSE ORGANS

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These are special sensory organs that can erect stretch or tension

PROPRIOCEPTORS

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Receptor for Pain

NOCICEPTORS

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Light touch receptor

MEISSNER CORPUSCLE

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For deep pressure receptore

LAMELLAR CORPUSCLE

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For tension in the tendons
receptor

PROPRIOCEPTORS (GOLGI TENDON ORGANS)

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For tension within the muscle fibers
receptor

PROPRIOCEPTORS (MUSCLE SPINDLE)

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sensory neurons that convey information to the body

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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A special nervous system found only in the digestive tract

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals

NEURONS

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Cells that wrap and surround delicate neuronS
Supportive cells of the CNS and PNS, enhance neuron function, and maintain conditions within nervous tissue

GLIAL CELLS OR NEUROLOGIA

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T or F
NISSL SUBSTANCE
specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum
NEUROFIBRIL
intermediate cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape

TRUE

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A special nervous system found only in the digestive tract

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A special nervous system found only in the digestive tract

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVE COVERINGS (3 items)

EPINEURIUM Covers the entire nerve (Outer) PERINEURIUM Covers the group of nerve fibers forming a fascicle (Middle) ENDONEURIUM Covers each nerve fiber (Inner)

Contains one axon and several dendrites; mainly found in the brain and spinal cord Most abundant

MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

Contains one axon and one dendrite Found in the inner ear, retina, olfactory

BIPOLAR NEURONS

Contains several dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body Mostly found in the PNS Pseudounipolar neurons because they begin as bipolar neurons

UNIPOLAR NEURONS

Carry impulses from sensory receptors, cutaneous sense organs, and proprioceptors (Stretch and tension) Carry information to the CNS

SENSORY NEURONS (AFFERENT)

Mainly found in the neural pathway and CNS Integrate sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit motor response via motor neurons

INTERNEURONS (ASSOCIATION NEURONS)

Carry impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscle or gland)

MOTOR NEURONS (EFFERENT)

Produce myelin sheaths for single axon in jelly-roll like fashion

SCHWANN CELL

Flat cells surrounding cell bodies of neurons Protects the neuron bodies Regulates exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

SATELLITE CELL

These are rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus, automatic response

REFLEXES

Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles (pulling hand away from hot stimulus)

SOMATIC REFLEXES

Regulates the activity of smooth muscles (regulation of smooth muscles, heart, and blood pressure, glans, and digestive system)

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES

T or F SENSORY RECEPTOR Reacts to stimulus SENSORY NEURON Carries message to integration center INTEGRATION CENTER Processes information and directs motor output MOTOR NEURON Carries message to an effector EFFECTOR ORGAN Muscle or gland to be stimulated

TRUE

4 MAJOR REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

CEREBRUM BRAIN STEM DIENCEPHALON CEREBELLUM

T of F FISSURE Grooves or indentations that are superficial SULCUS Grooves or indentations that are deep GYRUS Ridges found on the surface of the head

FALSE FISSURE Grooves or indentations that are deeper SULCUS Grooves or indentations that are superficial GYRUS Ridges found on the surface of the brain

Paired (left & right) superior parts of the brain, separated by medial longitudinal fissure Include more than half of the brain mass (83%) Known as the “seat of intelligence”

CEREBRUM

Separates frontal and parietal lobe

CENTRAL SULCUS OF ROLANDO (ROLANDIC FISSURE)

Found anterior to central sulcus, For motor

PRECENTRAL GYRUS

Found posterior to central sulcus For sensation

POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

Separates parietal and occipital lobes

PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS

Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe

LATERAL SULCUS OF SYLVIA (SYLVIAN FISSURE)

LAYERS OF THE CEREBRUM

GRAY MATTER - Outer layer composed mostly of neuron cell bodies WHITE MATTER - Fiber tracts inside the gray matter (e.g. corpus callosum) BASAL NUCLEI - Internal islands of gray matter

Sits on top of the brain stem and is enclosed by the Cerebral Hemispheres Made of three parts: (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

DIENCEPHALON

surrounds the third ventricle (Third ventricle: one of the ventricles responsible for secreting CSF) The relay station for sensory impulses (thalamus) Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

THALAMUS

Helps regulate body temperature, water balance, metabolism An important part of the limbic system (emotions) The pituitary gland (master gland) is attached to the hypothalamus Hypopith

HYPOTHALAMUS

Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal gland or body (responsible for circadian rhythm), melatonin (sleep-wake cycle) (increase in production) Includes the choroid plexus that forms CSF epl pin

EPITHALAMUS

Parts of the brain stem include:

(midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers Contains two parts: CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES Two bulging fiber tracts CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA Four rounded protrusions Composed of two superior colliculus For vision Two inferior colliculus For hearing

mIDBRAIN

The bulging center part of the brain stem mostly composed of fiber tracts Responsible for breathing, chewing, salivation, and swallowing Relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum Responsible for involuntary respiration

PONS

The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord and contains important control centers such as: Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting Coughing and sneezing Blood vessel diameter Balance

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces Provides involuntary coordination of body movements, balance, coordination, postur

CEREBELLUM

Right side controls right side, left side controls left side; ipsilateral Contains the transverse fissure

IPSILATERAL

It is roughly oval in shape, being flattened slightly anteriorly and posteriorly. Enlargements occur in the cervical and lumbar regions, the cord becomes thinner in thoracic and sacral regions Extends from the medulla oblongata to the region of T12 (Distal enlargement for the spinal cord)

SPINAL CORD

WHAT ARE THE 2 FUNCTIONAL DIVISION OF THE PNS?

SENSORY DIVISION - Carry impulses toward the CNS MOTOR DIVISION - Carry impulses away from the CNS

NAMES OF THE CRANIAL NERVES

Olfactory nerve (CN I), optic nerve (CN II), oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), and hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

NAMES OF THE CRANIAL NERVES

Progressive degenerative brain disease Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately hallucinations and death

Alzheimer’s Disease

Results from a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from the that blood source dies Loss of some functions or death may results

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke

----: one-sided paralysis -----: damage to speech center in left hemisphere

Hemiplegia: one-sided paralysis Aphasia: damage to speech center in left hemisphere

Temporary brain ischemia (restriction of blood flow)

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Traumatic Brain Injuries and their definitions (3 itmes)

Concussion: slight brain injury without permanent brain damage Contusion: nervous tissue destruction occurs without regeneration Cerebral edema: swelling from the inflammatory response and may compress and kill brain tissue

Development Aspects of the Nervous System

- The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development - Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects - The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop - No more neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continue for several years - The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult

The involuntary branch of the nervous system Consists of only motor neurons and is divided into two divisions: Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Autonomic Nervous System

T of F Dorsal rami: serves the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk Ventral rami: forms a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior

true