Respiratory System Flashcards by Appy L

The main function of the respiratory system is to?

supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.

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What happens during Pulmonary ventilation?

movement of air in and out of lungs

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What happens during External respiration?

gas diffusion in the lungs
and blood

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What must occur in respiration?

Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs
External respiration: gas diffusion in the lungs
and blood
Transport of respiratory gasses: transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs
-Internal respiration: gas diffusion in the blood and tissue cells

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Organs of the Respiratory System:

Nose
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Lungs
Bronchi

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Structural Classification refers to?

Upper respiratory tract:
Lower respiratory tract:

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The Upper respiratory tract consists of?

nose, pharynx, and associated structures

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The lower respiratory tract consist of?

larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, lungs, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

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Functional Classification refers to?

Conducting zone and Respiratory zone

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Function is to filter, warm, moisten, and conduct air into the lungs

Conducting zone

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High diffusion sites/ Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood (within the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries)

Respiratory zone

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Type 1 and Type 2 alveolar cells (pneumocytes) are found where?

Respiratory zone

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T or F
Aveolar cells
Type 1 - mainly responsible for the diffusion
Type 2 - releases surfactant (reduces airway resistance/ increases compliance)

TRUE

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Conducting zone consist of ?

Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

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Respiratory zone consist of?

Includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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In fetal development, is the most vital week for surfactant production

7th week

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(medical term for lung collapse)

Atelectasis

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only externally visible part of the respiratory

Nose

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Functions of the nose:

external nares/nostrils)
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters and cleans inspired air
Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors (located in the mucosa on the superior surface)

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Functions of the nose:

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Respiratory —- lines most of the nasal cavity

Respiratory mucosa lines most of the nasal cavity

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The nasal cavity is divided by a

nasal septum

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The lateral walls have projections called nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior), which:

Increases surface area
Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity

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T or F
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the tongue

False
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate

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where the uvula is located, which moves superiorly preventing food from entering the nasal cavity and allowing food to move down

Posterior soft palate (muscle)

up and down movement, prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

Uvula

part of the nasal cavity that is superior to the nostrils; lined with (vibrissae) hair follicles, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

Nasal vestibule:

Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity:

Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus

Functions of sinuses:

Lighten the skull Act as resonance chambers for speech Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

It is the muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

PHARYNX (THROAT)

Three regions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx: superior region behind nasal cavity Oropharynx: middle region mouth (common passageway for air and food) Laryngopharynx: inferior region attached to larynx (common passageway for air and food)

Structure of the pharynx:

Auditory tubes (pharyngotympanic tubes) enter the nasopharynx Has tonsils, which trap and destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx

3 tonsils

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx Palatine tonsils in the lateral walls of the oropharyngeal mucosa Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

Routes air and food into proper channels Plays a role in speech

LARYNX (VOICE BOX)

Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis, prevents food from entering the airway, if it happens it is called aspiration pneumonia)

LARYNX (VOICE BOX)

T or F the pharynx is a Total of 9 cartilages: Occurs in singles: thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage Occurs in pairs: arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages

TRUE

superior opening of the larynx; routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea

Epiglottis

T or F Vocal cords (vocal folds): vibrate with expelled air to create mucus

FALSE Vocal cords (vocal folds): vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)

T or F Vestibular folds: true vocal cords Glottis: opening between vocal cords

False Vestibular folds: false vocal cords Glottis: opening between vocal cords

Connects larynx with bronchi Line with ciliated mucosa

TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)

Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris

TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)

Walls of the trachea are reinforced with ------ 0 c-shaped hyaline cartilage

Walls are reinforced with 16-20 c-shaped hyaline cartilage

The trachea has 2 reflexes, what are they and their purpose?

sneeze reflex - foreign object in the nose cough reflex - foreign object in the throat

internal ridge formed at the point of bifurcation into the right and left bronchi

CArina

T or F R P Bronchus- shorter, wider,more vertical L P Bronchus - longer, narrower, less vertical

TRUE

cupped hand and percuss the landmark in the posterior (scapula)

Postural drainage:

projection of the upper lobe of the left lung (parang dila)

Lingula

T or F The lungs;Apex is near the clavicle; the base rests on the stomach

Apex is near the clavicle; base rests on the diaphragm

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures:

Right: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior lobes); 2 fissures (horizontal, oblique fissures) Left: 2 lobes (superior and inferior lobes); 1 fissure (oblique fissure)

Coverings of the lungs and descriptions

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura: covers the lung surface Parietal pleura: lines the walls of the thoracic cavity Pleural fluid: fills the area between the layers of pleura to allow gliding

A series of branching airways commonly referred to as "generation orders"

Tracheobronchial Tree

The Tracheobronchial Tree Air passages between trachea and alveoli divide how many times?

Air passages between trachea and alveoli divide 23 times

Types of Respiration and pathway

External Respiration - alveoli to bloodstream Internal Respiration – bloodstream to cell Cellular

Respiratory tree divisions or tracheobronchial tree:

Primary (main) bronchi = 1 on right, 1 on left Secondary (lobar) bronchi = 3 on right, 2 on left Tertiary (segmental) bronchi = 10 on right, 8 on left Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles

From 2.5cm2 in trachea to 11,800 cm2 in alveoli Surface area is directly proportional to the rate of diffusion

RESPIRATORY TREE DIVISIONS

T or F RR is high at a young age, especially with newborns and infants because the muscles are not well-developed and they are still adjusting to their environment

True

T or F R Rate often increases somewhat with old age

TRUE

Respiratory rate changes throughout life: Newborns:

Newborns: 40 to 80 respirations per minute why do newborns have greater respiration per minute: underdeveloped respiratory structures

Respiratory rate changes throughout life: Infants

Infants: 30 respirations per minute

Respiratory rate changes throughout life: Age 5-25

Age 5: 25 respirations per minute

T or F AGING EFFECTS The elasticity of lungs increases Vital signs decreases Blood oxygen levels increases Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases More risks of respiratory tract infection

FALSE AGING EFFECTS Elasticity of lungs decreases Vital capacity decreases Blood oxygen levels decreases Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases More risks of respiratory tract infection

Respiratory rate changes throughout life: Adults

Adults: 12 to 18 respirations per minute

What nerves are involved in the rate of respiration, volume breathing, and simulation of cough

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve are both also involved in the rate of respiration, volume of breathing, or in the stimulation of cough

T or F Baroreceptors may also affect cardiac rate and depth due to their detection of pressure

Flase Baroreceptors may also affect respiratory rate and depth due to their detection of pressure

FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY RATE AND DEPTH Physical and Chemical

Physical factors: Increased body temperatur Exercise Talking Coughing Volition (conscious control) Emotional factors Chemical factors: CO2 levels Oxygen levels

Respiratory System Flashcards

(65 cards)