Nervous System (Overview/General)

Question 1

Most common neuron that makes up skeletal muscle and Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 1

Multipolar Motor Neuron

Question 2

Neuron that conducts sensory information from periphery to Central Nervous System.

Answer 2

Pseudo-unipolar Sensory Neuron

Question 3

Neuroglia

Answer 3

Non-excitable and non-neuronal cells; support, insulate and nourish neurons; in both CNS and PNS

Question 4

CNS is composed of ___ and ___.

Answer 4

Brain; Spinal Cord

Question 5

Gray Matter

Answer 5

Composed of neuron cell bodies.

Question 6

White Matter

Answer 6

Composed of interconnecting fiber tracts.

Question 7

Meninges

Answer 7

Protect CNS; 3 layers

Question 8

Dura Mater

Answer 8

Outer most layer; thick/tough

Question 9

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 9

Intermediate layer; delicate, and avasular

Question 10

Pia Mater

Answer 10

Innermost layer; delicate and transparent; covers outer surface of brain and spinal cord

Question 11

PNS has two types of nerve fiber, what are they?

Answer 11

Myelinated and non-myelinated

Question 12

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 12

12; 11 from brain; 1 from superior spinal cord

Question 13

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 13

31; 8 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 sacral; 1 coccygeal

Question 14

A _____ is when nerve fibers mingle and a new set of multi segmental peripheral nerves emerge.

Answer 14

Nerve Plexuses

Question 15

Most muscles are innervated by how many peripheral nerves?

Answer 15

One

Question 16

Most muscles are innervated by how many spinal nerves?

Answer 16

One

Question 17

Dermatome

Answer 17

Unilateral area of skin, innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve.

Question 18

Screen for nervous system function by clinically examining dermatomes:
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2

Answer 18

C5: Mid deltoid
C6: Dorsal aspect of thumb web space
C7: Dorsal aspect of mid-finger
C8: Medial border of 5th metacarpal
T1: Medial forearm
L1: Inguinal area
L2: Anterior Mid-thigh
L3: Medial knee
L4: Medial malleolous
L5: Distal medial dorsum of foot
S1: Lateral border of foot
S2: Medial/Posterior calcaneous

Question 19

Myotome

Answer 19

Unilateral mass of muscle innervated by motor fibers of a single spinal nerve.

Question 20

Screen nervous system function by clinically examining myotomes (using manually resisted, isometric strength tests):
C1-2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, T1, L2-3, L3-4, L4-5, L5, L5-S1 (2), S1-2

Answer 20

C1-2: Cervical flexion
C3: Cervical side bend
C4: Scapular elevation
C5: Shoulder abduction
C6: Elbow flexion
C7: Elbow extension
C8: Thumb abduction
T1: Funger abduction
L2-3: Hip flexion
L3-4: Knee extension
L4-5: Ankle DF
L5: Great toe extension
L5-S1: knee flexion, ankle eversion
S1-2: Ankle PF

Question 21

Hyporeflexia is seen with injury to what nervous system?

Answer 21

PNS

Question 22

Hypereflexia is seen with injury to what nervous system?

Answer 22

CNS

Question 23

Muscle stretch reflexes

Answer 23

assessed in conjunction with dermatomes and myotomes; tap tendon = small but rapid stretch

Question 24

In assessing muscle stretch reflexes, the reflex is ____ with in the spinal cord.

Answer 24

Mediated

Question 25

In assessing muscle stretch reflexes, the reflex is ____ through descending inhibition from the brain.

Answer 25

Modulated

Question 26

Screen nervous system function by clinically examining muscle stretch reflexes: C5, C6, C7, L2-4, L5, S1-2

Answer 26

``` C5: Biceps brachii C6: Brachioradialis C7: Triceps L2-4: Quadriceps L5: Medial hamstring S1-2: Gastroc-soleous ```

Question 27

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 27

Component of CNS and PNS; general sensory and voluntary motor innervation to parts of the body; only innervates skeletal muscle

Question 28

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 28

Regulates involuntary functions; composed of visceral sensory, and visceral motor fibers; transmit to from CNS/PNS

Question 29

Visceral Sensory

Answer 29

Transmit afferent signals from viscera to CNS

Question 30

Visceral Motor

Answer 30

Transmit efferent signals from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 31

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 31

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 32

Sympathetic

Answer 32

Fight or flight; between 1st thoracic and 2nd or 3rd lumbar regions

Question 33

Parasympathetic

Answer 33

Promotes normal function and conserves energy; thoracic and abdominal viscera receive outflow through vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve 10)

Question 34

Somatic Nervous Systems conveys what senses?

Answer 34

Touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.

Question 35

______ are linked to form right and left sympathetic trunks on each side of the vertebral column and extend essentially the length of the column.

Answer 35

Paravertebral ganglia

Question 36

______ are in the plexuses that surround the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta.

Answer 36

Prevertebral ganglia

Question 37

Splanchnic nerves

Answer 37

Convey visceral efferent and afferent fibers to and from the viscera of the body cavities.

Question 38

In the gray matter of the brainstem, the fibers exit the CNS within cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10, these fibers constitute the ______.

Answer 38

Cranial parasympathetic outflow

Question 39

In the gray matter of the sacral segments of the spinal cord, the fibers exit the CNS through the anterior roots of sacral spinal nerves S2-4, and the pelvic splanchnic nerves that arise from their anterior rami, these fibers constitute the ____.

Answer 39

Sacral parasympathetic outflow

Question 40

The Enteric Nervous System consists of what two interconnected plexuses?

Answer 40

Myenteric plexus of the wall of the musculature; and submucosal plexus serving the gut lining/mucosa.