Nervous System Part I Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Cluster of peripherally located nerve cell bodies
A
Ganglion
2
Q
Which root of the axons near the spinal chord have the ganglion?
A
Dorsal root
3
Q
Location of nerve cell bodies for axons bringing sensory info into the spinal cord (CNS)
A
Dorsal root ganglion
4
Q
There is no ganglion in the _______ root
A
Ventral root
5
Q
Which root does the sensory input travel through?
A
Dorsal
6
Q
Which root does the motor/autonomic output travel through?
A
Ventral
7
Q
Spinal nerves divide to form dorsal/ventral primary ______
A
Rami
8
Q
Another name for sensory input axons
A
Afferent axons
9
Q
Type of axons in which nerve impulses flow towards the CNS
A
Afferent axons
10
Q
Which root do afferent axons make up?
A
Dorsal root
11
Q
Which root does efferent axons make up?
A
Ventral root
12
Q
Nerve impulses that flow away from the CNS
A
Efferent
13
Q
Motor or autonomic axons are ______ axons
A
efferent axons
14
Q
What’s the difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
A
Somatic - conscious motor control
Autonomic - unconscious motor control (organs)
15
Q
What would be the official name of the nerve fibers running motor control to your skeletal muscles?
A
Somatic efferent fibers (axons)
16
Q
Which nerves are heavily myelinated? (somatic or autonomic)
A
Somatic
17
Q
Does a heavier myelin sheath mean faster conduction or slower?
A
Faster
18
Q
Which motor fiber system has a preganglionic/postganglionic schema?
A
Autonomic system
19
Q
Which system supplies motor to the viscera?
A
Autonomic system
20
Q
What does viscera mean?
A
smooth/cardiac muscle
21
Q
“rest and digest” system
A
Parasympathetic nervous system
22
Q
“fight or flight” system
A
Sympathetic nervous system
23
Q
Preganglionic axons originate from the _______
A
nucleus
24
Q
Is the nucleus in the CNS or PNS?
A
CNS
25
Were do postganglionic axons originate from?
Ganglions
26
What's between the preganglionic axon and the ganglion
synapse
27
Which has a longer preganglionic axon? (sympathetic or parasympathetic)
Parasympathetic
28
Responsible for the integration of the nervous system
CNS
29
What kind of neurons make up the sensory ganglia and fibers?
Unipolar neurons
30
What kind of neurons carry special sensation to the CNS?
Bipolar neurons
31
Type of neuron that makes up motor fibers and internuncials
Multipolar neurons
32
In non-excitable tissue, does resting Vm change?
NO
33
Most common cholinergic neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
34
Most common adrenergic neurotransmitter?
Norepi
35
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
36
When several presynaptic axons come together to 1 postsynaptic neuron
Convergence
37
When 1 presynaptic axon connects to 2 postsynaptic neurons
Divergence
38
Synapse between presynaptic axon and dendrites on postsynaptic neuron
Axonodendritic synapse
39
Synapse between presynaptic axon and soma of the postsynaptic neuron
Axonosomatic synapse
40
Synapse between presynaptic axon and axon of the postsynaptic neuron
Axonoaxonic synapse
41
Depolarized region of an axon that is myelinated
Node of Ranvier
42
What type of conduction when impulse skipps across the nodes of ranvier down an axon?
Saltatory conduction
43
Type of cells that provide myelin to neurons in the PNS
Schwann cells
44
What type of glial cell provides myelin to the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
45
Name the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
46
Non-neuronal cells within the CNS
Glial cells
47
Do glial cells carry nerve impulses?
No
48
What 2 types of glial cells digest parts of dead neurons (similar to WBCs)
Astrocytes
Microglia
49
These types of glial cells are star shaped and hold neurons in place and help form the blood brain barrier via perivascular feet (kinda looks like axon somas smashed against the external vasculature walls)
Astrocytes
50
Which type of astrocyte helps form the blood brain barrier and is found in white matter?
fibrous astrocytes
51
Which type of astrocyte is found in gray matter?
Protoplasmic astrocytes
52
What type of glial cell lines the cavities or ventricles of the CNS
Ependymal cells
53
What does rostral mean
Towards the front
54
What does cephalic mean
toward the head
55
What does caudal mean
toward the tail
56
What does ipsilateral mean
same side
57
What does contralateral mean
opposite side
58
Name the 3 primary pre-natal brain vesicles from top to bottom
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
59
What secondary pre-natal brain vesicles does the prosencephalon turn into?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
60
What secondary pre-natal brain vesicle does the mesencephalon turn into?
Mesencephalon (stays the same!)
61
What secondary pre-natal brain vesicles does the rhombencephalon turn into?
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
62
What part of the brain does the telencephalon turn into? (think top to bottom)
Cerebrum
63
What part of the brain does the diencephalon turn into?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
64
What part of the brain does the mesencephalon turn into?
Midbrain
65
What part of the brain does the metencephalon turn into?
Cerebellum
Pons
66
What part of the brain does the Myelenchephalon turn into?
Medulla
67
This part of the midbrain receives visual input that initiates a behavioral response (ex. startle response)
It is the 2 superior bumps from the posterior view
Superior Colliculi
68
This part of the midbrain controls auditory regulation of sound
It is the 2 inferior bumps from the posterior view
Inferior colliculi
69
Fibers that carry information to and from the brainstem and cerebellum (3 sets)
Cerebellar peduncles
Superior
Middle
Inferior
70
What makes up the upper portion of the 4th ventricle?
Pons
71
What makes up the lower portion of the 4th ventricle?
Medulla
72
What part of the brainstem is the facial n. fairly superficial?
Facial colliculus
73
Bilateral inferior bumps just medial to the cerebellar peduncles
Facial colliculi
74
Bilateral superior bumps just medial to the cerebellar peduncles
Medial eminence
75
Dorsal columns carry tactile info upward to the _________
Thalamus
76
Which dorsal column connects to the lower extremity pathway?
Gracile tubercules
77
Which dorsal column connects to the upper extremity pathway?
Cuneate tubercules
78
The official name for the medial dorsal columns of the brainstem
Gracile tubercules
79
The official name for the lateral dorsal columns of the brainstem
Cuneate tubercules
80
Triangle area that makes up the floor of the 4th ventricle
Rhomboid fossa
81
The striae medullaries are fibers of which CN?
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear n.)
82
The most inferior point within the 4th ventricle. Makes the inferior tip of the rhomboid fossa
Obex
83
Vomiting center (located within the 4th ventricle, and can see it with posterior view of rhomboid fossa)
Area Postrema
84
The cerebral peduncles are fiber of the ________ motor system
corticospinal
85
What is the start and end point of corticospinal fibers?
Cortico - start in cerebral cortex
spinal - end in spinal chord
86
Where do the majority of fibers decussate in the corticospinal motor pathway?
Pryramids on the medulla
87
What does decussate mean?
cross
88
Where do the rest of the fibers decussate if they didn't at the pyramids of the medulla?
Cervical spinal chord
89
The name of structures similar to gyri on cerebellum
Folia
90
Separates the lobes of the cerebellum medially
Vermis
91
Bilateral structures on the posterior lobes of the cerebellum
Cerebellar tonsils
92
Cerebellum provides _________ motor control
ipsilateral
93
The cerebral cortex provides __________ motor control
contralateral
94
What does the vermis control? (think about pathways)
Equilibrium and balance
*it gets impulses from vestibule
95
Cerebellar lesion = what 3 things
Ataxia (unsteady, random movements)
Dysynergia (abrupt movement during voluntary movement)
Dysmetria (finger to nose/heel to shin can't do it)
96
What part of the brainstem reticular formation regulates awareness level?
Ascending portion
97
This part of the brainstem reticular formation receives sensory/activity input and uses it to regulate LOC
Ascending portion
98
ADHD results in dysfunction with what part of the brainstem reticular formation?
Ascending portion
*fails to filter out "noise" from sensory input
99
The reticular activating system (RAS) is part of the ________ portion of the brainstem reticular formation?
Ascending portion
100
Which portion of the brainstem reticular formation regulates muscle tone & is affected by LOC?
Descending portion
101
Hypertonia
Increased muscle tone
*regulated by descending portion of brainstem reticular formation
102
Hypotonia
Decreased muscle tone
*regulated by descending portion of brainstem reticular formation
103
What part of the CNS controls muscles involved in breathing?
Medulla
104
What part of the CNS controls rate of breathing?
Pons
105
What parts of the CNS contain the respiratory centers?
Medulla
Pons
