Nervous System/Quiz 2

Question 1

Central nervous system

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

Cranial and spinal nerves

Question 3

What are the two types of nervous systems?

Answer 3

1) central nervous system

2) peripheral nervous system

Question 4

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 4

• Prepares body for heightened levels of somatic activity
• Stimulate tissue metabolism and increase alertness
• Fight or flight syndrome
• Digestion and urinary activity suspended, increase in blood flow, breathing, heart rate

Question 5

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

• Stimulate visceral activity
• Responsible for rest and repose following eating
• Conserves energy
• Promotes sedentary activity for digestion
• Body relaxes, heart rate and blood pressure, metabolic rate decrease
• Increase in secretions from salivary and digestive glands, blood flow to digestive system and increase in urination and defecation

Question 6

What are the fundamental properties of neurons?

Answer 6

CSE

1. Conductivity
2. Secretion
3. Excitability

Question 7

Conductivity

Answer 7

Transmit electrical signals

Question 8

Secretion

Answer 8

When electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber, a chemical neurotransmitter is secreted

Question 9

Excitability *

Answer 9

Responds to stimuli and also incoming neurotransmitters

*Ability to get excited by the news

Question 10

Astrocytes

Answer 10

• Compose the blood brain barrier
• Impenetrable membrane around blood cells in the brain
• Proteins can’t go from blood to brain
• Part of brain’s inherent immune system

Question 11

Microglial cell

Answer 11

Immune cell of the CNS, Macrophage-like function

Question 12

Ependymal cell

Answer 12

Produce cErebrospinal fluid

Question 13

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 13

Form the myelin sheath of the neurons in CNS; they’re insulators, help to speed up conductivity

Question 14

Schwann cell

Answer 14

Form the myelin sheath of the neurons in PNS

Question 15

Glial cells

Answer 15

• Not neurons!
• Help hold NS together
• Support cells other than neurons

Question 16

Fifth type of glial cell?

Answer 16

Sensory neuron with Schwann cells and satellite cells

Question 17

Multipolar *

Answer 17

• Many processes extend from the cell body; all dendrites except for a single axon
• Most abundant in body; major neuron type in CNS

Question 18

Bipolar

Answer 18

• Two processes extend from the cell: one is a fused dendrite, the other is an axon
• Rare; are found in some special sensory organs

Question 19

Unipolar

Answer 19

One process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral processes, which together comprise the axon. Only the distal endings of the peripheral process are dendrites

Question 20

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 20

• receptors detect (SENSE) changes in body and external environment
• this information is transmitted into brain or spinal cord

Question 21

Interneurons (association neurons)

Answer 21

• lie between sensory and motor pathways in CNS
• 90% of our neurons are interneurons
• process, store & retrieve information

Question 22

Motor (efferent) neuron

Answer 22

• send signals out to muscles & gland cells

- organs that carry out responses called EFFECTORS

Question 23

Nervous intervention

Answer 23

Communication between neurons and efferent cell

Question 24

Neuropeptides *

Answer 24

Communication from nerve cell to cell

Question 25

Acetylcholine

Answer 25

Communication of neuron to muscle

Question 26

What are the 2 types of electrical signals? *

Answer 26

1) graded potentials | 2) action potentials

Question 27

Graded potentials

Answer 27

Serve as short-distance signals

Question 28

Action potentials

Answer 28

Signal over long distances

Question 29

What are electrical signals caused by? *

Answer 29

Changes in the movement of ions thru ion channels in the plasma membrane

Question 30

Polarization

Answer 30

- Charges are separated across the plasma membrane thus has potential - Value of membrane potential not 0 mV

Question 31

Depolarization *

Answer 31

- Membrane is less polarized than at resting potential | - Fewer charges are separated than at resting potential

Question 32

Repolarization *

Answer 32

The membrane returns to resting potential after having been polarized

Question 33

Hyperpolarization *

Answer 33

The membrane is more polarized (more -) than at resting potential

Question 34

Triggering event

Answer 34

Results in changes in ionic movement across the membrane

Question 35

What are some triggering events?

Answer 35

- Stimulus - Change in electrical field - Interaction of a chemical messenger with a surface receptor - Spontaneous change of potential

Question 36

What are 2 types of ion channels?

Answer 36

- leak channels | - gated channels

Question 37

Leak channels

Answer 37

Open all time gated channels

Question 38

Gated channels

Answer 38

Opened or closed in response to specific triggering events

Question 39

What are the 3 kinds of gated channels? ***

Answer 39

1) voltage-gated channels 2) chemical messenger-gated channel 3) mechanically gated channels

Question 40

Voltage-gated channel

Answer 40

Open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

Question 41

Chemical messenger-gated channel

Answer 41

Change conformation in response to the binding of a specific chemical messenger with a membrane receptor

Question 42

Mechanically gated channels

Answer 42

Respond to stretching or other mechanical deformation

Question 43

What establishes membrane potential? ***

Answer 43

Equilibrium potentials for each ion and relative permeabilities

Question 44

What maintains the membrane potential?

Answer 44

Na+/K+ pumps

Question 45

Neurilemma *

Answer 45

Outermost coating of Schwann cell

Question 46

Saltatory conduction in myelinated fibers

Answer 46

- voltage-gated channels needed for AP's | - fast diffusion occurs between nodes

Question 47

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 47

Myelin sheath of CNS deteriorate and are replaced by scar tissue

Question 48

EPSP

Answer 48

Excitatory postsynaptic potential - occur at excitatory synapses - move a postsynaptic neuron towards its threshold

Question 49

Temporal summation

Answer 49

- One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order and waves of NT release occur in quick succession. - First impulse produces a slight EPSP followed by addition EPSP impulses by subsequent impulses summing to threshold

Question 50

Spatial summation

Answer 50

Postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals form the same or different neurons at the same time which sum to threshold