Intro/Quiz 1

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

Concerns the function of the body’s structural machinery; how all the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

Question 2

3 critical ideas

Answer 2

1) Hierarchy of structural
2) Complementarity of function
3) Homeostasis

Question 3

Positive feedback

Answer 3

Causes change in state from increase of positive stimulus, output of system is further accelerated

Question 4

Negative feedback

Answer 4

Action of effector returns the variable to a more normal value, therefore reducing the intensity of the original stimulus

Question 5

Intrinsic controls

Answer 5

When the function of an organ or tissue is regulated by factors originating from within the organ or tissue itself

Question 6

Extrinsic controls

Answer 6

Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside of organ, involves nervous and/or endocrine system

Question 7

Effector

Answer 7

Enabling the control center response or output to stimulus; allows change on variable to take effect

Question 8

Variable

Answer 8

Factor or event being regulated

Question 9

Receptor

Answer 9

Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes in stimuli by sending info (input) to the CONTROL CENTER

Question 10

Control center

Answer 10

Determines the set point (level or range) at which a variable is to be maintained
AND
Analyzes input it receives and determines the appropriated response course of action

Question 11

Control system

Answer 11

A group of components that maintains a desired result by manipulating the value of another variable in the system

Question 12

Anatomy

Answer 12

Studies the structure of body parts and their interrelationship

Question 13

What are forms of carrier mediated transport?

Answer 13

1) facilitated diffusion
2) active transport
3) secondary active transport

Question 14

Tonicity

Answer 14

Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell
– Depends on concentration and permeability of solute

Question 15

Hypotonic solution

Answer 15

• Has low concentration of nonpermeating solutes (high water concentrations)
• Cells in this solution would absorb water, swell and may burst (lyse)

Question 16

Hypertonic solution

Answer 16

• has high concentration of nonpermeating solutes (low water concentration)
• cells in this solution would lose water + shrivel (crenate)

Question 17

Isotonic solution

Answer 17

Solution that doesn’t alter cell volume; normal saline

Question 18

What are the types of intercellular communication?

Answer 18

1) gap junctions
2) paracrine secretion
3) hemocrine secretion
4) transient direct linkup of cells
5) neurotransmitter secretion
6) neurohormone secretion

Question 19

What is the hierarchy of structural organization?

Answer 19

Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

Question 20

What are necessary life functions?

Answer 20

MaMoRD MERG
1) Maintaining boundaries, 2) movement, 3) responsiveness (irritability), 4) digestion, 5) metabolism, 6) excretion, 7) reproduction and 8) growth

Question 21

Survival needs of the body

Answer 21

NOW NAed

1) Nutrients, 2) oxygen, 3) water, 4) normal body temperature, 5) atmospheric pressure

Question 22

Homeostasis

Answer 22

A dynamic state of equilibrium, balance pr status quo which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits

Question 23

Factors of the internal environment that must be homeostatically maintained

Answer 23

concentration of nutrient molecules concentration of O2 and CO2
concentration of water products
pH
concentration of water salt and other electrolytes
temperature
volume and pressure

Question 24

What are the divisions of body water?

Answer 24

• total body water
• intracellular
• extracellular
  a. plasma
  b. interstitial fluid

Question 25

What are the 3 functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 25

1. Defines cell BOUNDARIES 2. It controls INTERACTIONS with other cells 3. It controls PASSAGE of material in and out of the cell

Question 26

Factors of the internal environment that must be homeostatically maintained

Answer 26

Concentration of nutrient molecules Concentration of O2 and CO2 Concentration of waste products pH Concentration of water, salt and other electrolytes temperature and pressure

Question 27

Two properties that determine plasma membrane permeability

Answer 27

- Relative solubility of the particle in lipid | - The size of particle

Question 28

Tight junctions

Answer 28

Integral membrane proteins called occludins FUSE adjacent cells together to form a nearly IMPERMEABLE barrier to the movement of substances between cells I.e. Epithelial tissue

Question 29

Desosome

Answer 29

A FILAMENTOUS junction between two adjacent cells that provide STRENGTH so that the cells do not tear apart when the tissue is subject to stress I.e. Muscles in heart, uterus and skin "Deal with it! Desosome with it!"

Question 30

Gap junctions

Answer 30

Areas where two adjacent cells are connected by membrane proteins called connexons Provide DIRECT electrical and metabolic coupling of adjacent cells I.e. Smooth muscle

Question 31

Phagocytosis

Answer 31

Engulfing large particles by pseudopods

Question 32

Pinocytosis

Answer 32

Taking in fluid droplets

Question 33

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 33

Taking in specific molecules

Question 34

Carrier mediated transport

Answer 34

For transfer of small water-soluble substances across the membrane

Question 35

Vesicular transport

Answer 35

For movement of large molecules and even multimolecular particles b/n the ECF and ICF

Question 36

3 characteristics for carrier mediated transport

Answer 36

1) specificity 2) saturation 3) competition

Question 37

Factors that influence rate of net diffusion across membrane - FICK'S LAW OF DIFFUSION

Answer 37

1) magnitude or STEEPNESS of conc. gradient 2) PERMEABILITY of membrane to substance 3) SURFACE AREA of membrane which diffusion is taking place 4) MOLECULAR WEIGHT of substance 5) DISTANCE thru which diffusion must take place

Question 38

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 38

It couples the transport of 2 solutes, one moving down its concentration gradient (favorable) and the other is moving up its concentration (unfavorable). Involves indirect usage of ATP.

Question 39

Describe the principle of saturation in relation to carrier mediated transport.

Answer 39

- As [solute] ^ on 1 side of membrane, transport rate will ^ until all transporters are saturated. - Afterwards, further ^ in [solute] won't change transport rate. Rate hits max, all transporters are full.

Question 40

What is membrane potential (how to establish and maintain it)?

Answer 40

- Separation of charges across membrane - relative permeability of Na and K across membrane & is counterbalance of their competing equilibrium potentials - maintained by Na and K pump

Question 41

Why do cells use signaling cascades?

Answer 41

Signaling cascades allow for amplification of a signal from one initial binding event to a large response.

Question 42

What is equilibrium potential for an ion?

Answer 42

It's when electrical and chemical gradients are balanced in magnitude and there is no net movement of ions across the membrane.

Question 43

Plasma membrane

Answer 43

Phospholipid bilayers with proteins dispersed throughout

Question 44

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 44

- carrier mediated transport - does not require energy - passive, works only if there's a concentration gradient