Nervous system stuff Flashcards

Question

Cerebellum

Answer 1

("little brain") located behind dorsal pons and medulla in posterior fossa - archicerebellum = equilibrium, regulation of muscle tone, helps VOR - paleocerebellum = modifying muscle tone and synergistic actions of muscles. maintenance of posture and voluntary movement control - neocerebellum = smooth coordination of voluntary movements; ensure accurate force, direction, and extent. Important for motor learning, sequencing of mvmt, and visually triggered movement

Answer 2

sympathetic - fight or flight, emergency response. parasympathetic - rest and digest

Answer 3

large, myelinated, fast-conducting ``` alpha= proprioception, somatic motor beta = touch, pressure gamma = motor to muscle spindles delta = pain, temperature, touch ```

Answer 4

small, myelinated, conduct less rapidly -preganglionic autonomic

Answer 5

smallest, unmyelinated, slowest conducting dorsal root = pain, reflex responses sympathetic = postganglionic sympathetics

Answer 6

Expressive. *Broca's motor aphasia, expressive aphasia - central language disorder in which speech is typically awkward, restricted, interrupted, and produced with effort. - lesion involving the third frontal convolution of the left hemisphere (Broca's area)

Answer 7

Expressive. -impairment of volitional articulatory control secondary to a cortical, dominant hemisphere lesion

Answer 8

Expressive. - impairment of speech production resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system; - causes weakness, paralysis or incoordination of the motor-speech system (respiration, articulation, phonation, and movements of jaw and tongue)

Answer 9

Receptive. * Wernicke's aphasia, receptive aphasia - spontaneous speech is preserved and flows smoothly, while auditory comprehension is impaired. - lesion in the posterior frist temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere (Wernicke's area)

Answer 10

receptive and expressive. -severe aphasia. marked impairments in comprehension and production of language.

Answer 11

normal for HR to increase in direct proportion to intensity SBP increases, while DBP remains the same or decreases moderately

Answer 12

period of apnea lasting 10-60 seconds followed by gradually increasing depth and frequency of respirations -depression of frontal lobe and diencephalic dysfunction

Answer 13

abnormal respiration marked by prolonged inspiration. -damage to upper pons

Answer 14

Test superficial sensations (pain, temperature, touch) Test proprioceptie (Deep) sensations - Joint position, kinesthesia/movement sense, and vibration sense (pallesthesia) Lastly, test combined cortical sensation - stereognosis, tactile localization, 2 point discrimination, barognosis (weight), graphesthesia, bilateral simultaneous stimulation.

Answer 15

loss of half of visual field in each eye. | -contralateral to the side of a cerebral hemisphere lesion

Answer 16

- comatose patients with brainstem lesions | - all limbs; trunk/neck in rigid extension

Answer 17

-comatose patients with lesions above superior colliculus - upper limbs in flexion - Lower limbs in extension *in "cort" praying not to go to jail.

Answer 18

-prolonged severe spasm of muscles, causing head, back, and heels to arch backward; arms and hands are held rigidly flexed.

Answer 19

- tics - chorea (dancing movements) - athetosis (slow, irregular, twisting) - tremor (resting tremors) - myoclonus (single, quick jerk)

Answer 20

intention tremor when voluntary movement is attempted

Answer 21

epileptic seizures, tonic/clonic convulsive movements

Answer 22

Fib = fake. cannot see twitch. spontaneous independent contraction of individual muscle fibers Fasciculation = spontaneous contractions of all or most of the fibers in a motor unit. *can see or palpate twitch (present with LMN disorders and denervation)

Answer 23

6 stages stage 1 = flaccidity stage 2 = emergence of spasticity, hyperreflexia, synergies stage 3 = voluntary movement possible only in synergies, spasticity strong stage 4 = decline in spasticity and synergies stage 5 = increased voluntary control out of synergy stage 6 = control and coordination near normal

Answer 24

lesion level indicates most distal uninvolved nerve root segment with normal function; muscles must have a grade of at least 3+/5 or fair+ function

Answer 25

complete = no sensory or motor function below level of lesion incomplete = preservation of sensory or motor function below level of injury; spotty sensation, some muscle function (at least 3+/5)

Answer 26

A = complete: no motor or sensory preserved in sacral segments S4-5 B = incomplete: sensory preserved below level and includes sacral S4-5. no motor c = incomplete: motor preserved below the level, and most key muscles have a grade of less than 3 D = incomplete: motor preserved below level. most key muscles below have a grade of 3 or more E = normal: motor and sensory normal

Answer 27

UMN lesion cavitation of central cord in cervical section. Typically due to cervical hyperextension - loss of spinothalammic tracts with bilateral loss of pain and temperature - loss of ventral horn with bilateral loss of motor function: Primarily UE - preservation of proprioception and discriminatory sensation

Answer 28

UMN lesion Hemisection of spinal cord (loss one half) due to penetration wounds (gunshot/knife) - ipsilateral loss of dorsal columns with loss of tactile discrimination, pressure, vibration, and proprioception - ipsilateral loss of corticospinal tracts with loss of motor function and spastic paralysis below level of lesion - contralateral loss of spinothalamic tract with loss of pain and temp below level of lesion; at lesion level, bilateral loss of pain and temp.

Answer 29

UMN lesion loss of anterior cord (motor) typically flexion injuries of C-spine - loss of lateral corticospinal tracts with bilateral loss of motor function, spastic paralysis below level of lesion - loss of spinothalamic tracts with bilateral loss of pain and temp - preservation of dorsal columns: proprioception, kinesthesia, and vibratory sense.

Answer 30

UMN lesion - extremely rare loss of dorsal columns bilaterally (sensory) - bilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, pressure, and epicritic sensations (stereognosis, 2 point discrimination) - preservation of motor function, pain, and light touch

Answer 31

LMN lesion loss of long nerve roots at or below L1 variable nerve root damage (motor and sensory signs); incomplete lesions common - flaccid paralysis with no spinal reflex activity - flaccid paralysis of bladder and bowel - potential for nerve regeneration; regeneration often incomplete, slows and stops after about 1 year.

Answer 32

emergency situation. - noxious stimulus precipitates a pathological autonomic reflex. -elevate head, check and empty catheter first. Medical emergency.

Answer 33

abnormal bone growth in soft tissue

Answer 34

a chronic, progressive, demyelinating disease of the CNS affecting mostly young adults

Answer 35

Relapsing-remitting (RRMS) - periods of recovery Primary-progressive (PPMS) - disease progression from onset without plateaus or remissions, or with occasional plateaus and temporary minor improvements Secondary-progressive (SPMS) - initial relapsing-remitting course, followed by progression at a variable rate. May also include occasional relapse or minor remission Progressive-relapsing (PRMS) - progressive disease from onset but without clear, acute relapses that may or may not have some recovery or remission. Commonly seen with onset after 40 years old.

Answer 36

basal ganglia chronic, progressive disease of the CNS with degeneration of dopaminergic substantial nigra neurons and nigrostriatal pathways. -classic symptoms = (TRAP) Tremor (resting), rigidity, akinesia (no or slow movements), postural reflexes (impaired)

Answer 37

I = minimal or absent disability, unilateral symptoms II = minimal bilateral or midline involvement, no balance involvement III = impaired balance, some restrictions in activity IV = all symptoms present and severe; stands and walks only with assistance V = confinement to bed or w/c

Answer 38

neuromuscular junction disorder characterized by progressive muscular weakness and fatiguability on exertion. autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors on postsynaptic junction **fatigability is characteristic. Repeated muscle use results in rapid weakness.

Answer 39

myasthenia graves with respiratory failure = medical emergency.

Answer 40

Grand mal General seizure - dramatic loss of consciousness, with a cry, fall, and tonic-clonic convulsions of all extremities. - often have tongue biting and arrested breathing, urinary and fecal incontinence - lasts 2-5 mins - patient is confused, drowsy, and amnesiac about the event - full recovery may take several hours - some attacks are preceded by a brief aura

Answer 41

petit mal general seizure - brief, almost imperceptible lapse of consciousness followed by immediate and full return to consciousness - posture is maintained - no convulsive muscle contrations - may occur up to 100x/day

Answer 42

partial seizure focal, begin locally, limited to a portion of the body - consciousness preserved - usually an identifiable structural cause

Answer 43

partial seizure -clonic activity involving a specific area of the body

Answer 44

partial seizure -orderly spread or march of clonic movements from initial muscles to involve adjacent muscles, with spread to the entire side

Answer 45

partial seizure - characterized by episodic changes in behavior, with complex hallucinations - automatisms (lip smacking, chewing, pulling on clothing...) - altered cognitive and emotional function (sexual arousal, depression, violent behaviors) - preceded by an aura

Answer 46

simple partial seizure (focal, begin locally, limited to a portion of the body) followed by impairment of consciousness.

Answer 47

tend to produce ipsilateral signs and symptoms -balance and coordination issues. Intention tremors

Answer 48

unilateral vestibular disorders (UVD) acute infection with prolonged attack of symptoms, persisting for several days or several weeks. caused by viral or bacterial infection

Answer 49

recurrent and usually progressive vestibular disease - episodic attacks may last mins to several hours - usually associated with tinnitus, deafness, sensation of pressure/fullness within ear etiology unknown, edema of membranous labyrinth is a consistent finding