Nervous Tissue

Question 0

What should you know about the brain in regards to neurology?

Answer 0

The brain is the most important of all organs for survival.

Question 1

What is neurology?

Answer 1

Neurology is the study of the nervous system.

Question 2

How is the brain protected?

Answer 2

The brain is protected by the skull, the facial bones, by cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), and the 3 meninges.

Question 3

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 3

The cerebrum is the outer cortex of the brain. Cortex means outer.

Question 4

What are the frontal lobes responsible for?

Answer 4

The frontal lobes are responsible for Short & long term memory, personality, intelligence, music and artistic abilities.

Question 5

What are the pareital lobes responsible for?

Answer 5

The pareital lobes are responsible for reading, writing, comprehension and analytical thinking.

Question 6

What are the temporal lobes responsible for?

Answer 6

The temporal lobes contain the auditory centres.

Question 7

What are the occipital lobes responsible for?

Answer 7

The occipital lobes contain the visual centres.

Question 8

What is contained in the brain stem?

Answer 8

The brain stem contains the

• pons
• the medulla oblongata
• the mid brain - the substantial nigra

Question 9

What does the pons do?

Answer 9

The pons is the middle of the brain stem. The pons is the relay centre for signals.

Question 10

What is the medulla oblongata?

Answer 10

The medulla oblongata is the bottom part of the brain stem. The medulla oblongata is the centre for autonomic control, vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Question 11

What is the midbrain?

Answer 11

The midbrain is the top of the brain stem and it contains many important nerve tracts and the substantial nigra.

Question 12

What is the substantia nigra?

Answer 12

The substantia nigra contains neurons that produce dopamine.

*when the substantia nigra is damaged Parkinson’s presents.

Question 13

What is the diencephalon?

Answer 13

The diencephalon contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the epithalamus.

Question 14

What is contained in the diencephalon?

Answer 14

Within the diencephalon are the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the epithalamus.

Question 15

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 15

The thalamus is a relay station for signals.

Question 16

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 16

The hypothalamus is the centre for autonomic control. Hormones and other non vital function happen via he hypothalamus.

Question 17

What does the epithalamus do?

Answer 17

The epithalamus is the centre for sleep & circadian rhythms. (Your internal 24 hour clock)

Question 18

Where is the cerebellum?

Answer 18

The cerebellum is located on the posterior inferior portion of the brain below the cerebrum.

Question 19

What is the main role of the cerebellum?

Answer 19

The main role of the cerebellum is the coordination of sensory input into the cerebrum and the corresponding motor output to skeletal muscles. In essence, it ensures that whatever commands are being sent out are actually being carried out. It allows smooth, refined and synchronized movements.

Question 20

What are the 3 parts of a nerve?

Answer 20

1. Neurons
2. Neuroglial cell
3. Nerve tracts

Question 21

Nerves may be sensory meaning,

Answer 21

Sensory nerves involve input going into the nervous system for the the outside world or internal sensors.

Question 22

Nerves may be associative meaning,

Answer 22

Association nerves are integrative, they interpret incoming signals and derives an appropriate response.

Question 23

Some nerves are somatic meaning,

Answer 23

Somatic or output nerves are going to muscles and organs carrying the commands.

Question 24

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 24

12

Question 25

Where is the spinal cord?

Answer 25

The spinal cord is housed inside the vertebral column for protection.

Question 26

How many neurons are in the spinal cord?

Answer 26

There are approximately 100 million neurons within the spinal cord.

Question 27

How many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?

Answer 27

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord at each level level bilaterally to innervate all the organs of the body. From C1-L5

Question 28

What is ganglia?

Answer 28

Ganglia are small masses of nervous tissue found outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 29

What is a ganglion cyst?

Answer 29

A ganglion cyst is a collection of fluid built up in around soft tissue structures. It is idiopathic but may be linked to neurological infection.

Question 30

What is nuclei?

Answer 30

Nuclei is a collection of nerve cell bodies within the brain and spinal cord.

Question 31

What is an enteric plexus?

Answer 31

An enteric plexus is a bundle of nerves that regulate the digestive organs. They consist of nerve roots that exit the spinal cord and innervate GI organs and structures.

Question 32

What are the 3 key functions of the nervous system?

Answer 32

1. Sensory 2. Integrative 3. Motor

Question 33

What does the sensory function of the nervous system do?

Answer 33

Sensory or input neurons respond to external or internal stimuli. Theses neurons deliver signals into the brain and spinal cord for interpretation.

Question 34

What type of things would be classified as external stimuli?

Answer 34

External stimuli includes things like: sound, pressure, temperature, light, taste, smell, vibrations, etc...

Question 35

What type of things would be considered internal stimuli?

Answer 35

Internal stimuli includes things like: proprioception, gravity, pain, memory, perception, sensation

Question 36

Sensory neurons are what?

Answer 36

Sensory neurons are afferent.

Question 37

What does afferent mean?

Answer 37

Afferent means the signal comes from the outside and is coming into the nervous system. (Aw, come here...)

Question 38

What does the integrative function of the nervous system do?

Answer 38

The integrative or associative function of the nervous system processes the incoming signals from sensory neurons and decides what needs to be done with it.

Question 39

What type of neuron does the integrative or associative function of the nervous system utilize?

Answer 39

The integrative or associative function of the nervous system utilizes interneurons or association neurons.

Question 40

What are integrative or associative neurons?

Answer 40

Integrative or associative neurons are in between neurons. They process signals from sensory neurons and decide what needs to be done.

Question 41

The integrative function of the nervous system is:

Answer 41

The most complex and intricate of the 3 steps or functions because it is the step that decides what to do with the incoming signal.

Question 42

What is the motor function or step of the nervous system?

Answer 42

The motor function of the nervous system is the output step. It is the command that is sent out by the integrative function. It is the pathway that carries out the "motor" command in response to the incoming stimuli.

Question 43

What type of neuron is utilized for the motor command or function of the nervous system?

Answer 43

Efferent neurons are utilized to carry out the command via the motor pathway.

Question 44

Give an example of a SIMPLE reflex using the 3 steps or functions of the nervous system. If you accidentally place your hand ona hot flame what happens?

Answer 44

1. Sensory neurons in the skin and fingers detect the extremely high temperature. (SENSORY) 2. Signals (action potentials) are sent to the brain &/ spinal cord via (afferent) sensory neurons which in turn determine what needs to be done. (INTERGRATION) 3. A command is sent via motor neurons, (efferent) out to the muscles involved to contract and pull away.

Question 45

Give an example of complex reflex showing the 3 steps or functions of the nervous system using the example if someone seeing a cougar.

Answer 45

1. Sensory receptors (afferent) in the eyes see the animal and send signals to the brain and spinal cord. (SENSORY) 2. The brain registers the image and immediately fires signals to other parts of the brain to integrate, analyze and respond by deciding what to do with this stimulus. There are emotional signals, flight or fight response signals... (INTEGRATIVE) 3. Efferent signals are sent out to the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, skeletal muscles, etc... These things all increase and the body bolts! (EFFERENT)

Question 46

How is the nervous system organized? What are the sub categories of the nervous system?

Answer 46

1. Central nervous system a. The Brain b. The Spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system a. Somatic nervous system b. Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system c. Enteric nervous system - sensory - somatic/motor

Question 47

What is the Central Nervous System made up of?

Answer 47

The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 48

What is a Nissl body?

Answer 48

A Nissl body is a prominent cluster of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the neuronal cell bodies.

Question 49

What are the structural classifications of a neuron?

Answer 49

1. Unipolar 2. Bipolar 3. Multipolar

Question 50

What are the functional classifications of a neuron?

Answer 50

1. Afferent neurons 2. Interneurons 3. Efferent neurons

Question 51

What is acetylcholine?

Answer 51

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that can be both excitatory and inhibitory depending on where in the body it occurs. It has an excitatory role at the neuromuscular junction.