Nervous Tissue (L2, C9 & C11) Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Anatomically the nervous system is divided into _________ and ______
A
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
2
Q
The nervous tissue is made of 2 types of cells: _________ and __________
A
Neurons
Neuroglia
3
Q
Which of the following cell types contributes to maintenance of the blood-brain barrier?
A/ astrocytes
B/ oligodendrocytes
C/ microglia
D/ ependymal cells
A
Astrocytes
4
Q
Anterograde Axonal transport is performed by which protein?
A
Kinesin
5
Q
Retrograde Axonal Transport is performed by which protein?
A
Dynein
6
Q
Axonal transport is of 2 types: either __________ or __________
A
Anterograde or retrograde
7
Q
What is the direction of anterograde transport?
A
Transport from the soma to the nerve terminals
8
Q
What is the direction of retrograde transport?
A
From the nerve terminals to the soma
9
Q
Give examples of materials transported by anterograde transport
A
Organelles and vesicles
10
Q
Give examples of materials transported by retrograde transport
A
Protein subunits
Enzymes
Endocytosis (viruses and toxins)
11
Q
Give examples of viruses that spread by retrograde transport
A
Herpes simplex and rabies
12
Q
Give examples of toxins that spread by retrograde transport
A
Tetanus
13
Q
Unmyelinated axons in the PNS are covered by
A
Neurolemmal sheath
14
Q
Unmyelinated axons in the CNS are covered by
A
Nothing
15
Q
Myelinated axons in the PNS are covered by an outer ____________ and an inner ____________ interrupted by ____________
A
Myelinated axons in the PNS are covered by an Outer neurolemmal sheath and an inner myelin sheath interrupted by nodes of ranvier
16
Q
Neurolemmal sheath in the PNS is formed of which type of cells?
A
Schwann
17
Q
Myelin sheath in the PNS is formed of which type of cells?
A
Schwann
18
Q
Myelin sheath in the CNS is formed by which type of cells?
A
Oligodendrocytes
19
Q
Neurolemmal sheath in the CNS is formed by which type of cells?
A
Neurons in the CNS don’t have Neurolemmal sheath
20
Q
Identify the cell:
Flattened nucleus
Small amount of cytoplasm
Found in the PNS around axons
A
Schwann cells
21
Q
What is the endoneurium?
A
- Thin layer of CT
- Surrounding single nerve fiber
- Reticular fibres secreted by Schwann cells
- Contains fibroblasts, perivascular mast cells, macrophages and capillaries
22
Q
What is the perineurium?
A
- Surrounding a fascicle/bundle of nerve fibers
- Inner layer of epitheloid cells joined by zonula occludens
- Surrounded by basal lamina to isolate environment
23
Q
What is the epineurium?
A
- Surrounding entire nerve
- Dense irregular collagenous CT with thick elastic fibres
- Continuous with dura mater
- Prevents overstretch of nerve
24
Q
A collection of neuronal cell bodies surrounded by CT outside the CNS is called?
A
Ganglia
25
What are the 2 main types of ganglia?
Sensory
| Autonomic/Motor
26
What are the 2 types of Sensory ganglia?
```
Cranial
Spinal (dorsal root)
```
27
What are the 2 types of autonomic ganglia?
Sympathetic
| Parasympathetic
28
Nerve cells in sensory ganglia are:
A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
29
Nerve cells in autonomic ganglia are:
A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar
Multipolar
30
Which of the following types of ganglia is covered by a complete capsule of satellite cells?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Sensory
31
Which of the following types of ganglia have myelinated nerve fibers?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Sensory
32
Which of the following types of ganglia has more nerve cells?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Sensory
33
Which of the following types of ganglia have nerve fibres that lie close together?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Autonomic
34
Which of the following types of ganglia have neurones with eccentric nuclei?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Autonomic
35
Which of the following types of ganglia is covered by an incomplete capsule of satellite cells?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Autonomic
36
Which of the following types of ganglia have synapses between the preganglionic fibres and postganglionic dendrites?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Autonomic
37
Which of the following types of ganglia don’t have synpases?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Sensory
38
Which of the following types of ganglia have neurones with large, central nuclei?
A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic
Sensory
39
All glial cells originate from the neural plate except :
Microglia
40
In nervous tissue, which of the following is more abundant: neurons or neuroglia?
Neuroglia
41
All CNS neuroglia cells, except the microglia, originate from the:
Neural tube
42
All PNS neuroglia cells originate from:
Neural crests
43
The fibrous intercellular network of fine cellular processes emerging from neurons and glial cells is called
Neuropil
44
What is the most common type of neuroglia?
Astrocytes
45
A 45 year old man presents at the clinic suffering from pneumocytis pneumonia. This disease may affect cells that stain with anti glial fibrillary acid protein. Name these cells.
Astrocytes
46
A 45 year old man presents at the clinic suffering from pneumocytis pneumonia. This disease may affect cells that stain with anti glial fibrillary acid protein. These cells function in
```
A/ Forming synapses
B/ Presenting antigens
C/ Phagocytosis
D/ Forming glial scars
E/ Forming myelin sheathes in CNS
```
Forming glial scars
47
A 45 year old man presents at the clinic suffering from pneumocytis pneumonia. This disease may affect cells that stain with anti glial fibrillary acid protein. These cells function in
```
A/ Forming synapses
B/ Presenting antigens
C/ Phagocytosis
D/ Forming myelin sheathes in CNS
E/ Forming the blood brain barrier
```
Forming the blood brain barrier
48
Identify the cell
Has glial fibrillary acid protein
Present in gray matter
Has short branched processes
Proteoplasmic astrocytes
49
Identify the cell
Has glial fibrillary acid protein
Present in white matter
Has long unbranch processes
Fibrous astrocytes
50
The blood brain barrier is formed of
* Tight junctions between Endothelial cells
* Their basement membrane
* Astrocyte processes
51
Gliosis is one of the functions of which nueroglial cell in the CNS?
Astrocytes
52
Aggregates of carbohydrates and proteins that accumulate with age in the CNS are called
Corpora amylacea
53
Aggregates of carbohydrates and proteins that accumulate with age in the CNS are formed by
Astrocytes
54
Which neuroglial cells cover the synapses of neurons in the CNS?
Astrocytes
55
What is a glioma?
Tumor of glial cells
56
What is the most common type of glioma?
Astrocytoma
57
A 35 year old man comes to the outpatient clinic complaining of severe headaches and blurred vision. Imaging to the brain reveal an abnormal mass in the parietal lobe of the cerebrum. The doctor suspects that this mass is a
Astrocytoma
58
The blood brain barrier selectively controls the substances that pass from the blood to brain. Name the 4 areas of the brain not protected by the blood brain barrier.
* Postrema
* Posterior pituitary
* Median eminence of hypothalamus
* Pineal gland
59
Oligodendrocytes are predominant in ________ matter
White
60
Which of the following are the main electrical insulators of CNS?
A/ Microglia
B/ Oligodendrocytes
C/ Satellite cells
D/ Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
61
Which of the following are the main electrical insulators of PNS?
A/ Schwann cells
B/ Satellite cells
C/ Microglia
D/ Astrocytes
Schwann cells
62
What is the origin of Microglia cells?
Monocytes
63
What is the function of Microglia?
Phagocytosis
64
Identify the cell:
* Present in both white and gray matter
* Elongated, small, dense nucleus
Microglia
65
Which of the following are the antigen presenting cells of the nervous system ?
A/ Schwann cells
B/ Satellite cells
C/ Microglia
D/ Astrocytes
Microglia
66
Identify the cells:
* Columnar cells with apical cilia and microvilli
* Lining the brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
* Lack a basal lamina
* Bases extend processes into underlying neuropils
Ependymal cells
67
Which of the following are the responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid?
A/ Schwann cells
B/ Satellite cells
C/ Microglia
D/ Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells
68
A 3 year old child is brought to the outpatient clinic after suffering a seizure. Her medical history reveals she has long lasting weakness in the legs that make it difficult for her to walk normally. MRI images reveal a mass in the fourth ventricle of her brain. The doctor suspects that this is a
Ependymoma
69
A 30 year old woman comes to the outpatient clinic complaining of nausea, vomiting, headaches and numbness in the right lower extremity. She claims these symptoms have been troubling her for months. An MRI scan is ordered. The images reveal a tumour in the central canal of the spinal cord. The doctor suspects that this is an
Ependymoma
70
Identify the cells:
* Small
* Surround somas in ganglia
* Insulate, nourish and regulate neurone soma
Satellite cells
71
Processes that conduct nerve impulses towards the soma are called
Dendrites
72
Processes that conduct nerve impulses away from the soma are called
Axons
73
Name the largest neurones
Anterior motor neurons of the spinal cord
74
Name the smallest neurons
Granule cells in cerebral cortex
75
Identify the structure:
* Basophilic irregular masses
* Scattered in neuron soma
* Flat rER cisternae with free ribosomes
Nissl body
76
Which of the following are the most common type of neurons?
A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar
Multipolar
77
Which of the following are neurons that have one short process that bifurcated into 2 processes; an axon and a dendrite?
A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
78
Which of the following neurons are present in sensory systems (visual, auditory and olfactory)?
A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
79
Which of the following neurons have 2 processes ?
A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar
Bipolar
80
What is the tropic centre of a neuron?
Its soma
81
The nucleus of a neuron soma is active. That means it’s
A/ Euchromatic with peripheral heterochromatin
B/ Heterochromatic with peripheral euchromatin
Euchromatic with peripheral heterochromatin
82
Identify the cell:
* Spherical or ovoid active nucleus
* Scattered Nissl bodies
* Long processes
* One or more prominent nucleoli
* Golgi body with vesicles near the nucleus
* Lipofuscin accumulation
* Abundant Mitochondria
* sER
* Lipid droplets
* Peroxisomes
* Melanin granules
Neurone
83
What’s the function of the nucleolus?
Synthesis of rRNA
84
What is the function of Nissl bodies?
Manufacturing protein for intracellular use and export
85
What is the function of Golgi body in neurons?
* Packaging and concentration of secretory products
* Post translation modification of proteins and macromolecules
* Production of lysosomes
* Accumulation of lipofuscin with age
86
What are the 3 components of neuronal cytoskeleton?
Microtubules
Neurofilaments
Actin filaments
87
Which of the following components of cytoskeleton function in neuronal transport?
A/ Neurofilaments
B/ Microtubules
C/ Actin filaments
Microtubules
88
Which of the following components of cytoskeleton have high affinity for heavy metals?
A/ Neurofilaments
B/ Microtubules
C/ Actin filaments
Neurofilaments
89
Which of the following components of cytoskeleton function in Axonal growth and regeneration?
A/ Neurofilaments
B/ Microtubules
C/ Actin filaments
Both Neurofilaments and Microtubules
90
Functionally, what are the 2 types of synapses?
Excitatory
| Inhibitory
91
Which of the following changes is triggered by an excitatory neurotransmitter?
A/ depolarisation
B/ repolarisation
C/ hyperpolarisation
Depolarisation
92
Which of the following changes is triggered by an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
A/ depolarisation
B/ repolarisation
C/ hyperpolarisation
Hyperpolarisation
93
The most common type of synapse is
Axodendritic synapse
94
The least common type of synapses is
Axoaxonic
95
Oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) are classified as
A/ neurotransmitters
B/ neurosecretory products
C/ enzymes
Neurosecretory products
96
Structurally, synapses are classified into
Axodendritic
Axoaxonic
Axosomatic
97
Give an example of an amino acid neurotransmitter
Glutamate
98
Acetylcholine, endorphin, epinephrine, norepinephrine and neuropeptides are examples of _____________ neurotransmitters
Catecholamine
99
Name the 3 major components of a synapse
Presynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane
100
Abundant secretory vesicles containing neurotransmitters are observed in the ___________ membrane
Presynaptic
101
What happens when the action potential reaches the presynaptic membrane?
Secretory vesicles containing neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
102
What is the effect of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane?
Neurotransmitters change the conductance of the postsynaptic membrane
103
Pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations contain electron-dense material that extends into underlying cytoplasm and is usually thicker in
Postsynaptic membrane
104
Which of the following drugs mimics the action of endorphin binding to its μ1-receptors?
A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
Morphine
105
Which of the following drugs are antidepressants?
A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
| D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
106
Which of the following drugs inhibit the mitochondrial enzyme responsible for breaking down serotonin?
A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
Monoamino oxidase inhibitors
107
Which of the following drugs increase the amount of serotonin in the synaptic cleft?
A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
108
Which of the following drugs inhibits glutamate (NMDA) receptors?
A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
Alcohol
109
Which of the following drugs increases the inhibitory effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
Alcohol
110
Which of the following drugs causes hyperpolarisation of the post-synaptic membrane?
A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
Alcohol
111
Nerve regeneration occurs by a process called
Axon reaction
112
Axon reaction is formed of 3 types of changes. Name them
Local
Anterograde
Retrograde
113
Anterograde changes during regeneration occur ___________ to the site of injury.
Distal
114
Retrograde changes during regeneration occur ___________ to the site of injury.
Proximal
115
Nerve regeneration in the PNS is impossible if the 2 stumps are ________ from each other at the site of injury
Far away
116
In the local reaction, what happens to prevent loss of axoplasm?
Fusion of axon membrane on each side of the cut
117
Which cells are responsible for secreting cytokines and growth factors during nerve regeneration?
Macrophages and fibroblasts
118
Which cells are responsible for phagocytosis of debris during nerve regeneration?
Macrophages and Schwann cells
119
Which cells are responsible for up-regulating the receptors for cytokines and growth factors during nerve regeneration?
Macrophages and fibroblasts
120
During anterograde reaction, what happens to the the axon terminals?
Phagocytosed by Schwann cells
121
What happens during Wallerian/Orthograde degeneration?
1/ Axon is phagocytosed by macrophages and Schwann cells
2/ Schwann cells dedifferentiate
3/ Myelin production stops
4/ Schwann cells proliferate forming Schwann tube
122
What are the events that occur during chromatolysis of neuron soma?
1/ Nucleus is displaces
2/ Nissl bodies disperse
3/ Perikaryon hypertrophy
123
During nerve regeneration, the injured axon disintegrates as far as
Proximal collateral axon
124
What is the function of the Schwann tube?
Guide the axon stumps towards the effector
125
What are the 4 things necessary for the nerve regeneration?
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Schwann cells
Basal lamina of endoneurium
126
During nerve regeneration, a new synapse is formed by
The first axon stump to reach the target
127
The final step of nerve regeneration is
Proliferation of Schwann cells to form neurolemmal and myelin sheathes
128
Each nerve cell has _________ influence of other surrounding effectors and neurons
Trophic
129
Can nerve regeneration occur if the Soma is injured
No
130
Nerve regeneration doesn’t occur in the CNS. How does the CNS get rid of these cells
Phagocytosis by Microglia
131
Injured cells in the CNS are replaced by
Glial (astrocyte) cells
132
Neural stem cells are
A/ Unipotent
B/ Oligopotent
C/ Multipotent
D/ Totipotent
Multipotent
133
If a neuron is damaged, its effector may continue to receive innervation from
Collateral innervation/ Neuronal circuits from other neurons
134
What are neutrophins?
Neuronal Growth factors
135
Which cells secrete neutrophins?
1/ Schwann cells
2/ Other glial cells
3/ Neuron
4/ Some target cells
