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2. Professor Messer Network + > Network+ Professor Messer Video Notes > Flashcards

Network+ Professor Messer Video Notes Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

OSI Model

A

Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model describes how traffic moves across the network

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2
Q

Layer 1 - Physical Layer

A

signaling, cabling, connectors
not about porotocls

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3
Q

Layer 2 - Data Link Layer

A

The “switching” layer
basic network language
-the foundation of communication at the data link layer
Data Link Control (DLC) protocols
-MAC address on Ethernet
NIC , ethernet, switch

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4
Q

Layer 3 -Network Layer

A

The routing layer
-IP, router, firewall, packet
fragments frame to traverse different networks

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5
Q

Layer 4 - Transport Layer

A

The “post office” layer
-parcels and letters
-TCP and UDP

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6
Q

Layer 5 -Session

A

communication management between devices
-start, stop, restart
Control Protocols, tunneling protocols

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7
Q

Layer 6 - Presentation

A

character encoding
application encryption SSL/TLS
often combined with application layer

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8
Q

Layer 7 - Application Layer

A

the layer we see
HTTP, FTP, DNS, POP3

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9
Q

OSI in the real world example:

A

Application: https://mail.google.com
Presentation: SSL encryption
Session: Link the presentation to the transport
Transport: TCP encapsulation
Network: IP encapsulation
Data Link: Ethernet
Physical: Electrical Signals

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10
Q

PDU (Protocol Data Unit)

A

data moved from one part to another relies on PDU

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11
Q

Frame

A

each layer of the OSI model has a header and payload

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12
Q

TCP flags

A

how to process data going through network
flags control the payload
SYN - synchronize sequence numbers
PSH - push the data to the app without buffering
RST - reset the connection
FIN - last packet from sender

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13
Q

MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)

A

maximum IP packet to transmit but not fragment

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14
Q

fragmentation

A

slows down traffic
losing fragment looses entire packet
requires overhead along path

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15
Q

IP fragmentation

A

if data needs to be sent but MTU is not enough single frames gets split up to send data

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16
Q

Troubleshooting MTU

A

MTU usually set when network created
troubleshoot using ping
-ex: Test google server
ping with DF and force max size1472 bytes
1500 bytes - 8 byte ICMP header - 20 bytes IP address = 1472
Windows ping -f -l 1472 8.8.8.8
Linux and macOS ping -D -s 1472 8.8.8.8

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17
Q

Star Topology

A

referred to as hub and spoke
all devices connected to a central device
switched ethernet network-switch is in the middle
used in most large and small networks

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18
Q

Ring Topology

A

used in many MAN and WAN networks
dual-rings
built in fault tolerance
traffic loops back if network severred

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19
Q

Bus Topology

A

early LANs
coax cable was the bus
simple but prone to errors
one break disables entire network

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20
Q

Mesh Topology

A

multiple links to the same place
fully and partially connected
redundancy, fault-tolerance, load balancing
used in WANs

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21
Q

Hybrid Topology

A

combination of one or more topologies

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22
Q

Wireless Topologies

A

Infrastructure
-all devices communicate through AP
-most common wireless communication mode
Ad hoc networking(if no AP)
-no pre existing infrastructure
-devices communicate amongst themselves
Mesh
-ad hoc devices work together to form a mesh ‘cloud’
-self form and self heal

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23
Q

Peer to Peer Network

A

every device is a server and a client
everyone talks to everyone
advantages: easy to deploy, low cost
disavantages: difficult to administer and secure

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24
Q

Client Server Network

A

clients talk to server
no client to client communication
advantages: performance, administration
disadvantage: cost, complexity

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25
LAN Network
Local Area Network a building or group of buildings Ethernet and 802.11 wireless any slower isnt local
26
MAN Network
a network in your city larger than LAN smaller than WAN common to see government ownerships
27
WAN Network
Wide Area Network spanning the globe connects LAN across distance slower than LAN point to point, MPLS examples of WAN
28
WLAN
wireless LAN 802.11 networks within a bldg in a limited geo area expand coverage with access points
29
PAN
Personal Area Network -own private network -Bluetooth, IR, NFC Automobile -audio output -integrate with phone Mobile Phone -wireless headset Health -workout telemetry, daily reports
30
CAN
Campus Area Network -corporate area network limited geo area -a group of bldgs LAN tech -fiber connected -high speed ethernet your fiber in the ground - no third party provider
31
NAS vs SAN
Network Attached Storage - file level access - connects to local storage Storage Area Network - looks and feels like local storage device -block level access -very efficient reading and writing -requires a lot of bandwidth
32
MPLS
Multiprotocol Label Switching - communication through the WAN uses labels how we route and forward traffic through WAN -any transport medium any protocol inside -labels are pushed onto packets as they enter MPLS cloud -labels are popped off on the way out
33
mGRE
Multipoint Generic Router Encapsulation -used extensively for Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN) -common on cisco routers -VPN builds itself -tunnels are built dynamically on demand -dynamic mesh
34
SD-WAN
Software Defined WAN -WAN built for the cloud -cloud base apps communicate directly to cloud -
35
demarcation point
point where you connect with the outside world Ex; can be as simple as RJ - 45 connection
36
smartjack
Network interface unit(NIU) on the wall locked blinking light owned by the network provider determines the demarc
37
NFV
network function virtualization replace physical with virtual networks
38
vSwitch
move physical switch to virtual environment
39
1000BASE-T
Category 5 - 100meters
40
1000BASE-T
Category 5e -100meters
41
10GBASE-T
Category 6 - unshielded is 55 meters and shielded is 100m
42
10GBASE-T
Category 6a - 100m
43
10GBASE-T
Category 7(shielded only) - 100m
44
40GBASE-T
Category 8 (shielded only) - 30 m
45
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Standards
1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-T, 40GBASE-T
46
T568A
pin out to horizontal cabling starts with green
47
T568B
traditionally used difficult to change midstream starts with orange
48
core
highly reflective core inside fiber
49
cladding
low reflective protects fiber core
50
multimode fiber MMF
short range up to 2km core is larger than light
51
single mode fiber SMF
smaller core one mode of light transmits through core used for long distances up to 100km laser beams more expensive than MMF
52
ST
straight tip connector plug and twist
53
SC
subscriber connector square connector locking mechanism pushed in it locks
54
MT RJ
Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack push down pull max amount of fiber in the smallest connector
55
UPC
Ultra Polished Connector high return loss ferrule 0 degree angle
56
APC
Angle Polished Connector lower return loss ferrule 8 degree angle
57
return loss
how much light is reflected back to the source
58
RJ 11
6 position 2 conductor 6P2C Telephone and DSL connection
59
RJ 45
8 position, 8 conductor (8P8C)
60
F-connector
coax connector found on a cable modem typically RG-6 cable and threaded insert and twist
61
Media Converter
operates at physical layer 1 can extend a copper wire over a long distance and convert it to fiber
62
trasciever
transmitter and receiver in a single component
63
Bi-Directional trancievers (Bi-Di)
send and receive traffic over a single strand of fiber
64
SFP Small From Factor Pluggable
commonly used to provide 1 Gbit/s fiber
65
SFP+ Enhanced Small Form Factor Pluggable
enhanced to increase throughput supports rates up to 16 Gbits common with 10Gb internet
66
QSFP Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable
4 channel SFP four 1 Gbits for a total of 4 Gbits
67
QSFP+ Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable
four channel SFP+ = four 10 Gibit = 40 Gibit
68
66 block
patch panel for analog voice left side is patched to the right wire is punched into the block using a punchdown tool
69
110 blocks
wire to wire patch panel patch cat 5 and cat 6 wires are punched into the block
70
krone block
used in Europe alternative to 110 block analog and digital communication
71
BIX building industry cross connect block
can support cat 6 and better updated through the years since 1970
72
Private IPv4 address (RFC 1918)
10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
73
Network Address Translation (NAT)
translates private IP addresses to public IP address through the router and vice versa
74
NAT overload/PAT port address translation
through router translates IP address and port number
75
unicast
one to one
76
broadcast
one to all
77
multicast
one to many of many
78
anycast
one to one of many IPv4 and IPv6
79
classful subnetting
class A, B, C, D, E
80
Class E
reserved range 1111(240-254)
81
Class D
multicast 1110 (224-239)
82
Class C
110 (192-223)
83
Class B
10 (128-191)
84
subnet mask
contiguous series of ones ex: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
85
/24
CIDR block notation/slash notation/prefix notation
86
CIDR block notation
how many 1s are/how many bits are in binary
87
network vs host bits
in a binary notation 1s are network bits and 0s are host bits
88
Why subnet a network?
very difficult to connect all devices in the network
89
VLSM Variable Length Subnet Masks
customize subnet mask to specific requirements
90
powers of two
2^16 = 65,536 2^15 = 32,768 2^14 = 16,384 2^13 = 8,192 2^12 = 4,096 2^11 = 2,048 2^10 = 1,024 2^9 = 512 2^8 = 256 2^7 = 128 2^6 = 64 2^5 = 32 2^4 = 16 2^3 = 8 2^2 = 4 2^1 = 2
91
number of subnets =
2^subnet bits
92
hosts per subnet =
2^hosts bits - 2
93
What other address never changes?
MAC Address
94
EUI
Extended Unique Identifier 48-bit
95
converting EUI 48 to EUI 64
split the MAC (24 bits) and put FFFE in the middle (the missing 16 bits)
96
flipping the 7th bit (MAC address)
create a chart and change it to to the other value
97
98
LC
Local Connect push down pull

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