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Networking Flashcards

1
Q

HTTP

A

Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Port 80
TCP
Application Layer

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2
Q

HTTPS

A

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
Port 443
TCP
Application Layer

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3
Q

DNS

A

Domain Name System
Translate domain names to IP addresses
Port 53
UDP for queries
TCP for Zone Transfer
Application Layer

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4
Q

DHCP

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Automatically assigns IP addresses
Port 67/68
UDP
Application Layer

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5
Q

OSI

A

Open System Interconnection
Networking framework to implement protocols in layers. It conceptually divides computer network architecture into a logical seven-layer progression.

When network traffic is generated, it is assembled (encapsulated) from the top layer to the bottom layer.
When received, traffic goes through the model in the reverse direction: from bottom to top (decapsulation).

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6
Q

OSI Layers

A

Layer 7 Application
Layer 6 Presentation
Layer 5 Session
Layer 4 Transport
Layer 3 Network
Layer 2 Data Link
Layer 1 Physical
Encapsulated Layer 7-1 All People Seem To Need Data Processing
Decapsulated Layer 1-7 Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away

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7
Q

Layer 7

A

Application

Users interact directly with applications that operate at Layer 7. Examples of Layer 7 applications include web browsers such as Google Chrome, Firefox, and Safari, and other applications, such as SSH and FTP.

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8
Q

Layer 6

A

Presentation

Data formatting: encryption and decryption
Ensure data is in useable format

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9
Q

Layer 5

A

Session

Inter-host communication
The session layer is responsible for creating a session between two devices. Controls ports and sessions

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10
Q

Layer 4

A

Transport

Data transmission.
UDP and TCP

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11
Q

Layer 3

A

Network

Decides what path the data will take
Layer 3.
Diagnostic tools, such as ping and tracert, operate in this layer.

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12
Q

Layer 2

A

Data Link

Physical addressing/MAC
Decides format of data.
Switches operate in this layer.

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13
Q

Layer 1

A

Physical

How data is physically sent through the network.
This layer determines how bits are electrically or optically transferred by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire.
Hubs operate in this layer.

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14
Q

FTP

A

File Transfer Protocol

File Transfer protocol is used to transfer files over the network.
For example, the FTP service can be used to transfer files to another device over the
network.
Port 20 data transfer/ 21 authentication
TCP

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15
Q

SSH

A

Secure SHell

Secure SHell is a secure command-line protocol that allows the user to run remote commands on a remote machine.
Any data that passes through SSH is encrypted.
Port 22
TCP

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16
Q

TCP/IP

A

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

The model describes how data is exchanged over the Internet, including how data should be divided into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received by the destination.

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17
Q

TCP/IP Layers

A

Layer 4 Application
Layer 3 Transport
Layer 2 Internet
Layer 1 Network Access

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18
Q

ipconfig

A

Displays a computer’s IP configuration

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19
Q

Private IP Space

A

Non-Routable
RFC1918
Class A 10.0.0.0/8
Class B 172.16.0.0/12
Class C 192.168.0.0/16

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20
Q

ping

A

Used to check connectivity between computers over the network.
It also provides information, such as connection speed and reliability.
ICMP is its protocol

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21
Q

nslookup

A

Sends a query to get the name of a computer by its IP address.
It can also do the opposite - query an IP address by the domain name.

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22
Q

tracert

A

Displays all the stations (hops) along the route taken by the information to its
destination.
It can work with a domain name or an IP address

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23
Q

netsh

A

It allows the configuration of the IP address, DNS, default gateway, and various network
functions.

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24
Q

TCP 3 way handshake

A
  1. The client sends a SYN
  2. The server responds with a SYN-ACK
  3. The client finalizes with ACK
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25
Segment
A broken piece of a packet with a TCP header in each of them.
26
Frame
The protocol data unit at the data link layer.
27
Packet
A data fraction transmitted over the network layer.
28
UDP
User Datagram Protocol: connectionless protocol. Faster, less strict about data integrity. Doesn't rearrange data packets or check for errors.
29
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol: connection-oriented protocol. High reliability, rearranges data packets in order, detects errors. 3 way handshake
30
RDP
Remote Desktop Protocol TCP Port 3389
31
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Used in sending and receiving email TCP Port 25
32
SMB
Server Message Block A network file sharing protocol that allows applications on a computer to read and write to files TCP Port 445
33
netstat
Provides statistics about all active connections so you can find out which computers or networks a PC is connected to.
34
TFTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple lockstep File Transfer Protocol which allows a client to get a file from or put a file onto a remote host. UDP Port 69
35
NTP
Network Time Protocol (NTP) Synchronizes computer clocks UDP Port 123
36
Switch
Designed to forward frames from source to destination according to specific MAC addresses in the Frame. Layer 2 device
37
MAC Address Table
A way to map each and every port to a MAC address. Dynamic- Automatic configured MAC address Static- Manually configured MAC address
38
Store-and-Forward Switch
Buffers the entire frame upon receipt. Checks for errors. Slow
39
Cut-Through Switching
Faster. Only the first 6 bytes of the incoming frame is buffered (MAC address). Forwards immediately. No error checking.
40
Fragment-Free Switching
Buffers the first 64 bytes including MAC address data and the frames payload. Provides partial error checking.
41
Auto-Negotiation
Tells connected devices to announce their capabilities. Bases on the settings, chooses the optimal speed and duplex mode.
42
Cisco IOS
Internetwork Operating System User mode Exec (enable) mode Config term interfaces
43
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Procedure for mapping a dynamic IP address to a permanent physical machine address in a local area network (LAN)
44
Telnet
Manage devices from anywhere. Not encrypted TCP Port 23
45
Hexadecimal
0-9 A-F
46
Router
Forwards packets Layer 3 device
47
NAT
Network Address Translation Changes your IP address to a new IP address before sending it to a different network
48
Default Gateway
Routes traffic to and from other networks Used when you want to find an IP that is not on your network
49
Routing Process
Examination Decapsulation Decision-Making Encapsulation Forwarding
50
IPv4
32 bits 4 octets-each 8 bits separated by a .
51
Broadcast
Sent to all devices on network 255.255.255.255 or FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF Routers block
52
APIPA
Automatic Private IP Addressing 169.254.0.0/16
53
Loopback Address
127.0.0.0/8 Allow for a device to send and receive its own data packets
54
show ip interface brief
Shows up/down status of your IP interfaces. Displays critical info about a lot of interfaces on one easy to read page
55
show interface
Detailed output of each interface
56
show version
Shows info about your software and hardware
57
show ip route
Shows your routing table
58
show running-config
Tells you how the box is configured right now. Also, "show startup-config" will tell you how the router will be configured after the next reboot
59
show port
Gives you the status of ports on a switch.
60
Static Routing
User enters every network manually Used for Stub Networks & Small Networks
61
Stub Network
Uses 1 router that sends and receives non-local traffic by a single path
62
Class A IP Addresses
1-127 Default Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0
62
Class B IP Addresses
128-191 Default Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0
63
Class C IP Addresses
192-223 Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
64
RIP
Routing Information Protocol Administrative Distance 120 15 max hops Changes the routing table every time In CLI (command line) shown as R
65
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First AD 110 Keeps track of changes in topology Bases metric calculation on the bandwidth of the links along the path to the destination In CLI show as O
66
EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol AD 90 In CLI it is shown as D
67
Slash Notation /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32
/24= 256 255.255.255 /25= 128 255.255.255.128 /26= 64 255.255.255.192 /27= 32 255.255.255.224 /28 16 255.255.255.240 /29= 8 255.255.255.248 /30= 4 255.255.255.252 /31= 2 255.255.255.254 /32= 1 255.255.255.255
68
Static Route
AD 1
69
VLAN Switchport Mode Access
Access ports carry traffic only on the VLAN they belong to.
70
VLAN Switchport Mode Trunk
Carry traffic for different VLANs and devices. Adds a tag so it gets where it needs to go.
71
DTP
Dynamic Truck Protocol Cisco protocol to automate the creation of trunk links. Dynamic Auto- Default, does not negotiate Dynamic Desirable- Actively attempts to change the mode
72
Default VLAN Reserved
VLAN 1 1002-1005
73
Data VLAN
2-1001
74
Syslog
System Logs Standard for logging messages Severity Levels 0 (emergency) 7 (debugging)
75
ACL
Access Control List Configure basic traffic filtering Improve network performance and secure the network 1-99 and 1300-1999
76
Failover Cluster
Method used to back up a network in case of a failure. Acts like a single system Cluster software becomes a single point of failure
77
Load Balancer
Device that distributes traffic across multiple devices.
78
IDS
Intrusion Detection System
79
IPS
Intrusion Prevention System
80
AAA
Authentication, Authorization, Accounting Verify user identity, enforce user permissions, track user activity
81
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service AAA protocol
82
TACACS+
Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus AAA protocol
83
802.1X
Security protocol (port-based network access control) Supplicant: Receives credentials from user and submits to the authenticator Authenticator: Relays credentials received to the authentication server Authentication Server: Validates credentials. Determines level of access
84
EAP
Authentication framework that provides transport for the requests and response parameters
85
CAM Table
Stores MAC addresses on a switch Limited space CAM table flooding makes the switch act like a hub
86
Port Security
Not enabled on switches by default Restricts input to an interface Limits the number of MAC addresses that can access a specific physical port
87
Port Security Violation Modes
Shutdown (default mode) port shuts down automatically-notification sent Restrict - drops frames with unfamiliar source MAC address-notification sent Protect - frames with unknown MAC addresses are dropped-no notification sent
88
Switch Spoofing
VLAN Hopping Manipulates DTP (Dynamic Trunking Protocol) DTP negotiation is enabled by default, even if it runs in access mode
89
Double Tagging
VLAN Hopping Takes advantage of 802.1q tagging process Switch removes the first tag Next switch in line will process the second tag
90
Encoding
Convert to coded form Base64 ends in = or == (padding)
91
Hashing
Consists of character and numbers MD5: 128 big length unique key
92
Salt/Salting
Adding unique characters after a password, before hashing to create a different hash value
93
Pepper/Peppering
Adds unique characters like salting but it is not stored alongside a password hash
94
Rainbow Table
Used for hash cracking Predefined list of hashes Saves time in Brute-Force attacks
95
Symmetric Cipher
Uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt the text
96
Asymmetric Cipher
Uses 2 keys, 1 for encryption and another for decryption
97
Diffie-Hellman
First key-sharing protocol designed to solve the problem of key distribution
98
PKI
Public Key Infrastructure System for creating, storing, and distributing digital certificates
99
Firewall
Monitors and filters network traffic Can be software, hardware, or cloud service
100
Firewall Actions
Accept: Allow traffic to pass through Drop: Blocks packet without notification Reject: Blocks a packet with an error notification
101
Stateless Filtering
Permits or denies packets based on their source or destination IP address and ports
102
Stateful Filtering
Requires the server to store connection states and session information
103
Fail-Open
Allows access even if the device is in a failed state. Availability is more important than security.
104
Fail-Close
Blocks access if the device is in a failed state. Security is more important than availability.
105
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol Application layer protocol that allows devices on a network to share info
106
NetFlow
Network monitoring protocol used to collect IP traffic. Eye on performance and resource allocation
107
Nagios
Open-source network monitoring software
108
Packet Inspection Levels
Shallow: Inspects only packet headers Medium: Compares data with a list of specific packet and data format types Deep: Inspects all traffic from a designated IP address
109
Analyst Workflow
1. Review alert and associated rules 2. Gather additional info from the system related to the incident 3. Investigate the alert and its cause 4. Summarize conclusions about alert and recommend the next step
110
AES
Advanced Encryption Standard
111
VPN Protocols
IPsec PPTP L2TP/IPsec
112
CDP
Cisco Discovery Protocol
113
LLDP
Link Layer Discovery Protocol

CyberSecurity (7 decks)

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