Networking Models

Question 1

1. Physical Layer

Answer 1

responsible for the transmission and reception of
unstructured raw data between a device and a physical transmission
medium.

Question 2

2. Data Link Layer

Answer 2

responsible for the reliable transmission of data frames
between two adjacent nodes connected by a physical layer.

Question 3

3. Network Layer

Answer 3

responsible for the transmission of packets between nodes
that are not directly connected, and for routing packets to their destinations

Question 4

4. Transport Layer

Answer 4

responsible for the reliable delivery of data between end
points and for error checking.

Question 5

5. Session Layer

Answer 5

This layer is responsible for managing and coordinating
communication sessions between applications on different devices.

Question 6

6. Presentation Layer

Answer 6

This layer is responsible for data representation,
compression, and encryption/decryption.

Question 7

7. Application Layer

Answer 7

This layer provides services directly to the end user,
such as file transfer, email, and remote login. (It’s what the user actually sees)

Question 8

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

Answer 8

○ TCP/IP is essentially just a broader version of OSI - OSI is the modern standard

Question 9

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Answer 9

an application layer protocol designed to
transfer information between networked devices and runs on top of other layers of
the network protocol stack.
■ Foundation of the WWW and used to load webpages using hypertext links.

Question 10

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Answer 10

designed to send packets across the internet
and ensure the successful delivery of data and messages over networks
● Communications standard that enables application programs and
computing devices to exchange messages over a network

Question 11

Internet Protocol

Answer 11

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the system used to identify and locate devices (like computers, phones, or websites) on a network — so they can send and receive data.

💡 Think of it like a digital postal system. Every device has a unique “mailing address” (IP address), so data knows exactly where to go.

Question 12

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Answer 12

DHCP is a network management protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses to devices (like phones, laptops, printers) when they connect to a network.

💡 Instead of a network admin manually giving every device an IP address, DHCP does it for them — instantly.

Question 13

Syslog

Answer 13

Syslog is a standard protocol used by devices (computers, routers, switches, etc.) to send log messages — like errors, warnings, or status updates — to a central log server.

💡 It’s like a messaging system where devices say “Hey, here’s what I just did” or “Here’s what went wrong,” and a central system collects and saves all that info.

Question 14

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Answer 14

ARP is a communication protocol used to link an IP address (software-level address) to a MAC address (hardware-level address) on a local area network (LAN).

💡 It acts like a translator between the language of the internet (IP) and the hardware address (MAC) of devices on the same network.