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Neuroscience > NEUR 0010 - Chapter 10 > Flashcards

NEUR 0010 - Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the visual field crosses?

A

The part that goes to either nasal retina

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2
Q

What visual hemispheres are viewed by what hemispheres?

A

LVF entirely viewed by RH; RVF entirely viewed by LH

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3
Q

Which pathway mediates conscious visual perception?

A

From eye to LGN to visual cortex through the optic radiation

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4
Q

What do ganglion projections to the hypothalamus do?

A

Circadian rhythms, etc.

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5
Q

What do ganglion projections to the pretectum do?

A

Control pupil size, some eye movements

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6
Q

What do ganglion projections to the superior colliculus do?

A

Commands eye and head movements to bring the light stimulus into space on the fovea to better focus on it

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7
Q

How many layers are there to the LGN?

A

Six, numbered 1 to 6, with 1 being the most ventral and 6 being the most dorsal

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8
Q

The right and left LGNs receive input from which VFs? Which retina?

A

Right LGN receives input from LVF (left temporal, right nasal); left LGN receives input from RVF (right temporal, left nasal)

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9
Q

Which LGN layers are parvo vs magno?

A

1-2 are magno, 3-6 are parvo

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10
Q

What is the order of ipsi/contralateral input to the LGN layers, for VF and for retina, from 1 to 6?

A

Retina: CIICIC; VF: entirely C (right LGN receives entirely LVF: left nasal, right temporal)

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11
Q

What is the majority of input to the LGN?

A

80% from visual cortex, not the eyes

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12
Q

What fissure does the striate cortex surround?

A

Calcarine fissure

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13
Q

What is retinotopy?

A

Neighboring cells in the retina feed information to respectively neighboring cells in the cortex; spatial mapping

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14
Q

How accurately does the retinotopic map represent the visual field? How so?

A

Not particularly: the central few degrees are very magnified and thus have a disproportionate amount of cortical space

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15
Q

How many cells does a discrete point of light activate in the striate cortex? What does this say about retinotopy?

A

Many many! A point of light on the retina activates many cortical neurons, because of overlapping RFs

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Layer I of the striate cortex?

A

Right underneath the pia mater; no neurons, just axons and dendrites of cells from other layers

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17
Q

There are actually 9 striate cortex layers. How does that come from 6?

A

Layer 4: A, B, C-alpha, C-beta

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18
Q

What are the two principal types of cells in the striate cortex layers?

A

Spiny stellate, pyramidal

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19
Q

Where are spiny stellate cells found?

A

Layers 4C-a and 4C-b of the striate cortex

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20
Q

Where are pyramidal cells found in the striate cortex?

A

Any of the layers except 4C-a/b and Layer 1

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21
Q

Which kind of cell, spiny stellate or pyramidal, extends beyond the striate cortex to make connections?

A

Pyramidal: spiny stellate stays local

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22
Q

What is the third type of cell found in the striate cortex?

A

Inhibitory: local connections only

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23
Q

What are the inputs to Layer 4C of the striate cortex?

A

4C-a input from LGN Magno, 4C-b from LGN Parvo

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24
Q

LGN magno and parvo connect to which layer of the striate cortex?

A

4C-a, 4C-b

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25
Q

LGN konio connects to which layer of the striate cortex?

A

Layers 2 and 3

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26
Q

What are ocular dominance columns?

A

Differing zebra stripes of LE vs RE input to the striate cotex’s Layer 4C

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27
Q

What are radial connections in the striate cortex?

A

When the intracortical connections run perpendicular to the cortex layers

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28
Q

What are horizontal connections in the striate cortex?

A

When the intracortical connections run parallel to the cortical layers by collateral branches

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29
Q

Where are horizontal connections in the striate cortex?

A

Layer 3

30
Q

Where in the striate cortex is the first time where LE and RE input mix?

A

Layer 4B

31
Q

What is the difference in input quality/type between striate cortex 4C and 4B?

A

4C in monocular, 4B is binocular (LE and RE mix)

32
Q

Are striate cortex Layers 2/3 monocular or binocular?

A

Binocular

33
Q

Layers 4C-a and 4C-b project their magno/parvo information to which layers of the striate cortex?

A

4C-a (magno) projects to 4B, and 4C-b (parvo) projects to 3

34
Q

Which striate cortex layers have output to other cortical areas?

A

2/3, 4B

35
Q

What striate cortex layer has output to the superior colliculus/pons?

A

5

36
Q

What striate cortex layer has output to the LGN?

A

6

37
Q

What striate cortex layers have cytochrome oxidase blobs?

A

2,3,5,6

38
Q

What do cytochrome oxidase blobs do?

A

Receive direct LGN input from koniocellular layers, receive input from magno/parvocellular layers in striate cortex 4C

39
Q

Where are cytochrome oxidase blobs located?

A

Layers 2,3,5,6; in Layer 3, centered over ocular dominance columns

40
Q

What does it mean that the RFs of neurons in Later 4C (a,b) are similar to the RFs of magno/parvo cells in the LGN?

A

Generally small, monocular, center-surround

41
Q

What is the difference in sensitivity between 4C-a and 4C-b RFs?

A

4C-a is not sensitive to color; 4C-b is sensitive to color

42
Q

What feature of Layer 4C of the striate cortex accounts for ocular dominance columns?

A

Monocular afferent input is usually lumped together

43
Q

What does it mean that super-4C layers have binocular RFs?

A

Once the output of Layer 4C branches out, creates binocularity; so each neuron from there has a RF in the ipsi and contralateral eye

44
Q

What happens to ocular dominance columns once your get superficial to Layer 4C?

A

Fuzzier: zones that more strongly respond to one eye than the other

45
Q

Which layers are orientation selective in the striate cortex?

A

Most layers except 4C

46
Q

What is an orientation column?

A

The fact that for orientation-selective neurons in one layer, the same orientation selectivity extends radially down the whole cortex in that column

47
Q

What are orientation-selection neurons important for?

A

Object shape recognition; “what” pathway (temporal, ventral)

48
Q

Direction selectivity is a hallmark of which types of cells?

A

LGN magnocellular-input neurons

49
Q

What are Hubel and Weisel’s “simple cells?”

A

Cells where cortical neurons get converging input from 3+ LGN cells with RFs along an axis; segregations of ON/OFF regions

50
Q

Simple cells are what kind of selective?

A

Orientation selective

51
Q

What are Hubel and Weisel’s “complex cells?”

A

No distinct ON/OFF regions; give ON and OFF responses to stimuli throughout RF

52
Q

What is the general visual response of interblob cells (outside Layer 4)?

A

Binocular, orientation selective, direction selective; can be simple/complex; not wavelength sensitive

53
Q

What is the general visual response of blob cells (outside Layer4)?

A

Monocular, not orientation/direction selective; wavelength sensitive

54
Q

What is the shape of blob cell RFs?

A

Circular

55
Q

Which cells contain most of the color-sensitive neurons outside of Layer 4C?

A

Blob cells!

56
Q

What is the magnocellular pathway?

A

M-type ganglion cells in retina -TO- magno layers of LGN -TO- layer 4C-a of striate cortex -TO- layer 4B of striate cortex

57
Q

What are the characteristics of Layer 4B pyramidal cells of the magnocellular pathway?

A

Binocular, simple/complex RFs, orientation/direction selective, color insensitive

58
Q

What is the magnocellular pathway used for?

A

Object motion and guidance of motor actions

59
Q

What is the parvo-interblob pathway?

A

P-type ganglion cells in retina -TO- parvo layers of LGN -TO_ layer 4C-b of striate cortex -TO- layer 2/3 interblob regions

60
Q

What are the characteristics of Layer 2/3 interblob cells of the parvo-interblob pathway?

A

Binocular, simple/complex RFs; orientation selective; direction/wavelength insensitive

61
Q

What is the parvo-interblob pathway used for?

A

Analysis of fine object shape

62
Q

What is the blob pathway?

A

nonM-nonP ganglion cells in retina -TO- konio layers of LGN -TO- blobs in layer 2/3 of striate cortex directly!

63
Q

What are the characteristics of blob pathway cells?

A

Convergence of P/M/K input; monocular; center-surround color-opponent RFs; orientation/direction insensitive; color sensitive

64
Q

What is the blob pathway used for?

A

Analysis of object color

65
Q

What is the dorsal stream for?

A

Analysis of visual motion; visual control of action

66
Q

What is the ventral stream for?

A

Perception of visual world, recognition of objects

67
Q

Dorsal vs ventral streams are associated with which pathways?

A

Dorsal is M, Ventral is P-inter/Blob

68
Q

What is area MT?

A

Dorsal stream: specialized processing of object motion (direction-selectivity)

69
Q

How is cortical area arranged in area MT?

A

Direction-selective columns

70
Q

What is area V4?

A

Ventral stream: shape/color perception

71
Q

What is area IT?

A

Ventral stream: face perception, fusiform gyrus

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