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Respiratory System > Neural + Chemical Control Of Respiration FINISH > Flashcards

Neural + Chemical Control Of Respiration FINISH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary respiratory muscles?
What are their nerves?
Where do these neurones arise?

A
  • Diaphragm: phrenic nerve
  • Intercostal muscles: intercostal nerve
  • Pons + medulla
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2
Q

What are the group of neurones involved in respiration?
What do they control?

A
  • ventral respiratory group: expiration
  • dorsal respiratory group: inspiration
  • pontine respiratory group: rate + pattern on breathing
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3
Q

What sets the basic rhythm of respiration?

A

The dorsal respiratory group neurones send inspiratory neuron AP to spinal nerves > diaphragm + external intercostal muscles

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4
Q

What does the pontine respiratory group split into?

A

Pneumotaxic centre
Apneustic centre

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5
Q

Outline the pneumotaxic centre of the pontine respiratory group

A
  • limits inspiration > provides inspiratory off switch
  • limits AP in phrenic nerve > decreases tidal volume + regulates respiratory rate
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6
Q

Outline the apneustic centre of the pontine respiratory group

A
  • promotes inhalation by constant stimulation of neurones in medulla oblongata
  • sends signals to delay inspiratory off switch (pneumotaxic centre)
  • controls intensity of breathing
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7
Q

What is the apneustic centre inhibited by?

A

Pulmonary stretch receptors
Pneumotaxic centre IOS

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8
Q

Outline the voluntary control of breathing

A
  • controlled by motor cortex in cerebrum
  • inputs from limbic system + hypothalamus
  • signals sent to spinal cord > respiratory muscles
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9
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
What nerves sends their info?

A
  • located in carotid bodies + aortic bodies
  • aortic bodies: send info to medulla through vagus nerve X
  • carotid bodies: send info through glossopharyngeal nerve IX
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10
Q

Role of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

hypoxemia monitors
(Detect low levels of O2)

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11
Q

What are glomus cells derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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12
Q

Carotid body glossy cells p14

A
  • sense pO2 <8kPa
  • stimulates neurotransmitter + ATP release > act
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13
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

On brain side of blood brain barrier
In medulla oblongata

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14
Q

Role of central chemoreceptors

A

Detect changes in pCO2

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15
Q

What happens when CO2 diffuses across blood brain barrier?
How do we reverse this effect?

A
  • CO2 diffuses across blood brain barrier into CSF
  • CO2 + H2O > carbonic acid > lowers pH
    .
  • HCO3- doesn’t diffuse freely across BBB
  • choroid plexus increases active transport of HCO3 into CSF
  • buffer effect > increases pH
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16
Q

What does hypoventilation cause?

A
  • removal of CO2 from lungs is less rapid than its production
  • dissolving CO2 increases more than HCO3- > lowers pH
  • causes respiratory acidosis
17
Q

What happens if hypoventilation persists?

A
  • respiratory acidosis
  • kidneys respond to low pH > decreases HCO3- excretion > increases plasma [HCO3-]
  • pH near to normal: partially compensated respiratory acidosis
  • pH is totally normal: fully compensated respiratory acidosis
18
Q

What does hyperventilation occurs?

A
  • removal of CO2 from alveoli is more rapid than its production > CO2 falls > plasma pH rises
  • causes respiratory akalosis
19
Q

What happens if hyperventilation persists?

A
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • kidneys excrete more HCO3- > pH restored
  • pH near to normal: partially compensated respiratory alkalosis
  • pH is totally normal: fully compensated respiratory alkalosis
20
Q

What do the ventral respiratory group of neurones control?

A

Expiration

vEntral - Expiration

21
Q

What do the dorsal respiratory group of neurones control?

A

Inspiration

22
Q

What do the pontine respiratory group of neurones control?

A

Rate + pattern of breathing

23
Q

What nerve sends signals from aortic bodies?

A

Vagus nerve X

24
Q

What nerve sends signals from carotid bodies?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

Respiratory System (20 decks)

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