Neural Crest Cells

Question 1

NCCs are derived from what germ layer

Answer 1

ectoderm

Question 2

what characteristic does migratory cells of neuroectoderm have that helps them easily move by amoeboid movement

Answer 2

mesenchymal cells or loosely arranged

Question 3

two types of migratory pathway (what becomes of NCCs)

Answer 3

lateral migration pathway and medial migration pathway

Question 4

what pathway makes NCCs form melanocytes or pigment cells of skin

Answer 4

lateral migration pathway

Question 5

what pathway makes NCCs give rise to ganglia (dorsal root and symphathetic)

Answer 5

medial migration pathway

Question 6

what other factor aside from the route they follow where NCCs depend

Answer 6

microenvironment of final destination

Question 7

once NCCs are settled in their target organs, it will undergo final differentiation via what

Answer 7

cell-to-cell signaling

Question 8

differentiate pathway 1 and pathway 2

Answer 8

P1 - travel ventrally through A sclerotome; participate in formation of cartilages and bones of vertebral column
P2 - dorsolateral pathway between epidermis and dermatome; form the pigment cells of the body

Question 9

what are the 4 overlapping domains

Answer 9

cranial, vagal, trunk, lumbosacral

Question 10

small subdomain of NCCs between cranial and vagal

Answer 10

cardiac neural crest cells

Question 11

cardiac NCCs give rise to?

Answer 11

septum between pulmonary and aortic arch

Question 12

dorsolateral pathway give rise to?

Answer 12

melanocytes, neurons, cartilages, CTs

Question 13

ventral pathway gives rise to?

Answer 13

ganglia (dorsal root, symphathetic, parasymphathetic)

Question 14

cranial NCCs gives rise to?

Answer 14

pharyngeal arches, face, neck

Question 15

trunk NCCs give rise to?

Answer 15

symphathetic neurons
- somite 6-tail

Question 16

sacral NCCs give rise to?

Answer 16

parasymphathetic enrves of gut
- posterior to somite 28

Question 17

somite 18-24 gives rise to?

Answer 17

adrenal medulla

Question 18

what lines the aortic arteries

Answer 18

cardiac NCCs

Question 19

jawbones, earbones, frontonasal process are coming from rhombomere level what

Answer 19

R 1&2

Question 20

hyoid cartilage are coming from rhombomere level what

Answer 20

R 4

Question 21

thymus, parathyroid, thyroid are coming from what rhombomere level

Answer 21

R 6

Question 22

what rhombomere level/s do not migrate through surrounding mesoderm but stay on either side of rhombomere mesoderm

Answer 22

R 3&5

Question 23

what influence the development/fate of the embryonic ectoderm in the neural plate formation?

Answer 23

BMPs signaling molecules

Question 24

high level of BMPs induces what

Answer 24

epidermis formation

Question 25

intermediate level of BMPs induces what

Answer 25

neural crest cells formation

Question 26

low level of BMPs induces what

Answer 26

neural ectoderm formation

Question 27

what induces expression of PAX3 gene

Answer 27

BMPs, FGF, WNT

Question 28

what gene encode transcription factors that specifiy the neural plate border

Answer 28

PAX3

Question 29

gene that specify cells as neural crest cells

Answer 29

SNAIL and FOXD3

Question 30

gene product that promotes NCC migration

Answer 30

SLUG

Question 31

what signaling factors induces expression of RhoB and Slug

Answer 31

BMP4 and BMP7

Question 32

what establish cytoskeletal conditions that promote migration of the NCCs

Answer 32

RhoB and Slug

Question 33

the loss of this makes the NCCs free to undergo amoeboid movement

Answer 33

CAMS, N-cadherin

Question 34

components of ECM that promotes migration are collectively known as

Answer 34

SAMs

Question 35

what components of ECM restrict or inhibit migrations

Answer 35

Ephrin proteins

Question 36

what determines the final differentiation of NCCs?

Answer 36

cell signaling factors

Question 37

code for homeodomains or transcription factors that are the highest hierchy of the genes; can control activity of other genes under them

Answer 37

hox genes

Question 38

hox genes are particularly subfamily of?

Answer 38

homeobox containing genes

Question 39

hox genes are evolutionay conserved from ?

Answer 39

yeast> invertebrates > mouse > humans

Question 40

3 features of hox genes

Answer 40

1. contain subclass of highly conserved homeobox sequences (encode transcription factors) 2. organizing body plan 3. exist in clusters of similar genes in the genome

Question 41

give the chromosome number where these genes are found Hox A - Hox B - Hox C - Hox D -

Answer 41

Hox A - 6 Hox B - 11 Hox C - 15 Hox D - 2

Question 42

genes that are similar with each other but located on different chromosomes (ex. A1 and B1)

Answer 42

paralogous chromosomes

Question 43

genes found within same cluster of gene (A1, A2, A3)

Answer 43

orthologous genes

Question 44

______ genes are expressed earlier, while ______ genes are expressed later

Answer 44

anterior; posterior

Question 45

site of cell turnover

Answer 45

primitive node