Neural Mechanisms

Question 1

dendrites

Answer 1

receive signals

Question 2

axon

Answer 2

pass electrical signals

Question 3

astrocyte

Answer 3

form connection with blood vessel to neurons

Question 4

myelin

Answer 4

surrounds axon - quicker electrical impulse transmission

Question 5

microglial cells

Answer 5

residence of immune cells in brain
- regulate brain development
- maintenance of neural network
- injury repair

Question 6

oligodendrocyte

Answer 6

myelinating cells of CNS

Question 7

ethology

Answer 7

study of natural behavior of animals

Question 8

umwelt

Answer 8

small part of the environment that is perceived after sensory and central filtering

Question 9

innate releasing mechanism

Answer 9

the neural circuit responsible for detecting the sign stimulus and activating the instinctive behavior - fixed action pattern

Question 10

how does bats orient in dark environment?

Answer 10

they scan their surroundings with self-generated ultrasounds and detect the reflected signals

Question 11

frequency modulated signals

Answer 11

• broadband signals
• short duration + downward sweep
• hunting near the ground or dense vegetation

Question 12

constant frequency signals

Answer 12

• narrowband signal
• longer duration + narrow freq. range
• hunting in open species

Question 13

ganglia

Answer 13

• cluster of neurons
• regulates motions

Question 14

thoracic ganglia

Answer 14

communicates with motor neurons that control wing muscles

Question 15

A1 auditory receptor

Answer 15

reacts to all intensity, could be desensitized when sound is constant

Question 16

A2 auditory receptor

Answer 16

detects high intensity when predator is very close
inhibits central steering -> escape

Question 17

what could be the reason why A2 auditory receptor is not activated in late terminal buzz?

Answer 17

this phase could be deadly, only activated in early terminal buzz

Question 18

protocerebral ganglion (brain)

Answer 18

facilitate sensory processing and coordinate behaviors
- inhibits inappropriate/unhelpful behaviors

Question 19

what happens when protoceberal ganglion is separated in mantis and why?

Answer 19

walked and grasped simultaneously
- multiple mutually exclusive behavior present as commands cannot be decided

Question 20

abdominal ganglia

Answer 20

receive stimuli and execute movements

Question 21

what happens when the abdominal ganglia is separated from the rest of the nervous system in mantis?

Answer 21

no movement from affected body segment but other are normal

Question 22

subesophageal ganglion

Answer 22

excitory neurons that initiate behavior & sequences of movement

Question 23

what happens if subesophageal ganglion is removed?

Answer 23

no movement except short, uncontrolled movements

Question 24

are the area of cortex proportion to the appendages?

Answer 24

no since brain tissues are limited, it is evolved to magnify important regions

Question 25

how does central pattern generator relate to complex behaviors?

Answer 25

complex behaviors need the central pattern generator between sensory and motor neurons