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NBCOT > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Central cord lesion: UMN

A

Bilateral loss of pain and temp and motor function (UE)

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2
Q

Brown sequard syndrome: UMN

A

Hemisection
Ipsilateral loss of tactile discrimination, pressure, vibration and proprioception
Ipsilateral motor function and spastic paralysis below lesion
Contralateral loss of pain and temp below lesion

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3
Q

Anterior cord syndrome: UMN

A

Bilateral loss of motor function, pain and temperature

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4
Q

Posterior cord syndrome: UMN

A

Bilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, pressure and epicritic sensation

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5
Q

Cauda equina injury: LMN

A

Flaccid paralysis of bladder and bowel
No spinal reflec

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6
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Disturbance in blood flow
Do not last long
Often warning sign for stroke

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7
Q

Middle cerebral artery

A

Contralateral hemiplegia
Hemianesthesia
Homonymous hemianopsia
Aphasia (left)
Apraxia (left)
Unilateral neglect (right)
Spatial dysfunction (right)

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8
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

A

Contralateral hemiplegia
Grasp reflex
Incontinence
Confusion
Apathy
Mutism

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9
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A

Homonymous hemianopia
Thalamic pain
Hemisensory loss
Alexia- inability to read

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10
Q

Vertebrobasilar system

A

Pseudobulbar signs
Tetraplegia

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11
Q

Severe Glasgow

A

Below 8

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12
Q

Moderate Glasgow

A

9-12

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13
Q

Minor Glasgow

A

Greater than 13

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14
Q

GCS eye response

A

Open- 4 points
Spontaneous- spontaneous
Contact- command
Pain- pain

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15
Q

GCS verbal response

A

Mouth- 5 points
Our- oriented
Company?- confused (questions)
Inappropriate- inappropriate
Inc- incomprehensible

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16
Q

GCS motor

A

Muscle- 6 points
Obviously- obeys
Pretty- purposeful
With- withdraws
Flexible- flexion (decorticate)
Extensions- extension (decerebrate)

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17
Q

ASIA impairment scale: A

A

Complete
No sensory or motor function is preserved in sacral segments S4 and S5

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18
Q

ASIA: B

A

Incomplete
Sensory but no motor function is reserved below neurological level and extends through sacral segments

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19
Q

ASIA: C

A

Incomplete
Motor function is preserved below neurological level and majority of key muscle groups below neurological level have muscle grade <3/5

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20
Q

ASIA: D

A

Incomplete
Motor function is preserved below neurological level and majority of key muscle groups below neurological level have muscle group greater than 3/5

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21
Q

ASIA: E

A

Normal
sensory and motor functions are normal

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22
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of coordination with voluntary movements
Clumsiness, inaccuracy, instability
Disjointed or jerky

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23
Q

Chorea

A

Brief, purposeless involuntary movements of distal extremities and face

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24
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Involuntary, erratic, withering movements of face, arms, legs and trunk

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25
Q

Dystonia

A

Sustained abnormal postures and disruptions of ongoing movements
Alterations of muscle tone

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26
Q

Hemiballismus

A

Involuntary flinging motions of extremities
Violent and wide amplitudes of motion
Continuous and random
Proximal and/ or distal muscles on 1 side of body

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27
Q

Myoclonus

A

Brief and rapid contraction of muscle or group of muscles

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28
Q

Tics

A

Brief, rapid, involuntary movements often resembling fragments of normal motor behavior
Stereotyped and repetitive but not rhythmic

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29
Q

Tremor

A

Rhythmic, alternating, oscillatory movement produced by repetitive pattern of muscle contraction and relaxation

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30
Q

Akinesia

A

Freezing

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31
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slowed motor movwments

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32
Q

Dysmetria

A

Decreased coordination of movements

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33
Q

Rigidity

A

Muscle stiffness

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34
Q

Fasiculation

A

Involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation
Observed as muscle twitch

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35
Q

Festinating gait

A

Small rapid steps that result from a forward tilted head and trunk posture

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36
Q

Parasethesia

A

Numbness and tingling because of sensory nerve changes

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37
Q

What are the 4 primary symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

Tremor- pill rolling
Muscle rigidity
Bradykinesia
Postural instability

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38
Q

5 clinical states of Parkinson’s

A

1) unilateral symptoms
2) bilateral symptoms
3) postural instability
4) decrease postural instability, function, impaired mobility, need for assistance in ADLs
5) total dependence in ADLs and mobility

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39
Q

Spina Bifida occulta

A

Bony malformation with separation of vertebral arches

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40
Q

Occult spinal dysraphism

A

External manifestation as a red birthmark, patch of hair, dermal sinus, fatty benign tumor or dimple is present on site

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41
Q

Spina bifida with meningocele

A

Protrusion of sac through the spine containing CSF and meninges

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42
Q

Spina bifida with myelomeningocele

A

Protrusion of sac through spine containing CSF, meninges and SC or nerve roots

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43
Q

Tethered cord syndrome

A

Tail end of SC when cord is stretched because of compression, trapped with fatty mass or scar tissue
Dev abnormality or injury

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44
Q

Akathisia

A

Inability to remain still

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45
Q

Early stage OT intervention for Huntington

A

Cognitive, emotional, motor disability and safety at home

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46
Q

Middle stage OT intervention of Huntington

A

Education

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47
Q

Final stages OT intervention Huntington

A

Posture
Splinting
Smooth transition to feeding tubes
Daily schedules and routines

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48
Q

T or F: ALS is progressive that moves distal to proximal

A

True

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49
Q

6 stages of ALS

A

1) can walk and have some weakness
2) can walk moderate weakness
3) can walk severe weakness
4) in wheelchair severe weakness in legs
5) in wheelchair arms and legs severe weakness
6) confined to bed and dependent

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50
Q

Erb’s palsy

A

Paralysis of upper brachial plexus including C5 and C6 and C7
Waiters tip position
Arm cannot be raised and elbow cannot be flexed

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51
Q

Klumpke’s

A

Paralysis of lower brachial plexus including C7 and C8 and T1
Hand and fingers don’t move

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52
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome:
Onset and acute inflammatory phase

A

Acute weakness that occurs in 2 extremities
Max 2-4 weeks

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53
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome:
Plateau phase

A

Symptoms are most disabling with little or no change over a few days or weeks

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54
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome:
Progressive recovery phase

A

Recovery tends to start at head and neck and travel distally

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55
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome: plateau phase interventions

A

Use of communication tools
Environmental mods
Adapt telephone for hands free use
Positioning
Educate client and fam about health condition and anxiety reduction

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56
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome:
Recovery phase OT intervention

A

Dynamic splints
Safe mobility
Improve independence an safety functional transfers
Mod techniques for self care
Adaptive equipment
Energy conservation and fatigue management
Client centered fine motor program
Home assessment and recommend mods

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57
Q

Dysarthria/ dysphasia

A

Difficulty speaking

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58
Q

Visuospatial

A

Persons capacity to identify visual and spatial relationships between objects

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59
Q

Pseudo-bulbar effect

A

Sudden, uncontrollable episodes of inappropriate laughter or crying
MS

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60
Q

MS 4 categories of disease progression

A

1) relapse-remitting
2) secondary progressive
3) primary progressive
4) progressive relapsing

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61
Q

Relapse remitting category in MS

A

Clearly defined relapse of acute worsening of neurological function followed by partial or complete improvement and then stable periods of remission between attacks

62
Q

Secondary progressive category in MS

A

Starts with a relapsing remitting course of up to 10-15 years and is usually diagnosed when there is continued neurological deterioration

63
Q

Primary progressive category in MS

A

Continuous declining neurological function from onset

64
Q

Progressive relapsing category in MS

A

Continued disease progression with super imposed relapses

65
Q

Dysphagia

A

Trouble swallowing

66
Q

Dyspraxia

A

Difficulties with motor skills and coordination

67
Q

Tonic clonic/ grand mal seizures

A

Most common
Brief warning such as numbness, taste, smell or other sensations occur

68
Q

Tonic phase in tonic-clonic seizure

A

Loss of consciousness, stiffening of body, bowel and bladder incontinence seconds before clonic phase

69
Q

Clonic phase in tonic- clonic seizure

A

Alternating rigidity and relaxation of muscles

70
Q

Postical state

A

Follows clonic phase
Period of drowsiness, disorientation or fatigue

71
Q

Myoclonic- akinetic seizure

A

Brief, involuntary jerking of extremities with or without loss of consciousness

72
Q

Petit mal/ absent seizure

A

4-12y
Loss of consciousness without loss of muscle tone
Rapid blinking, staring into space

73
Q

Simple partial seizure

A

Involuntary, repetitive jerking of hand and arm
Child may experience visual or auditory hallucinations or olfactory senses

74
Q

Infantile spasms or West syndrome, infantile myoclonic or jackknife

A

3-9mos
Dropping head and flexion of arms
Occur 100x per day

75
Q

Lenox-Gaustat

A

First 3y of life
Hard to control- seizures if different types
Regression of dev status

76
Q

Landau- kleffner syndrome/ acquired epileptic aphasia

A

Progressive encephalopathy
Loss of language skills
Auditory agnosia
Behavioral disturbances

77
Q

Simple febrile seizure

A

Most common in children under 5y
Loss of consciousness and involuntary, generalized jerking of ground mal seizures

78
Q

Status epilepticus seizure

A

Prolonged seizure in rapid succession
Life threatening
Occurs with tonic clonic

79
Q

Thrombangiitis obliterus/ Buergers disease results in

A

Diminished temp sense
Paresthesias
Pain
Cold extremeties

80
Q

Motor learning theory

A

Importance of practice and repetition
Transfer of learning
Provides visual and verbal feedback to give person input they needed to make postural and limb adjustments

81
Q

Brunnstorms movement therapy

A

Focus on facilitating recovery through specific treatment
Treatment focuses on on promotion of movement from reflexive to volitional

82
Q

Margaret Rood Approach 4 sequential phases of motor control

A

1) reciprocal inhibition/ innervation
2) co-contraction
3) heavy work
4) skill

83
Q

Reciprocal inhibition/ innervation

A

Early mobility pattern is a primarily reflex governed by spinal and supraspinal centers

84
Q

Co-contraction

A

Simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist that provide stability in static position

85
Q

Heavy work

A

Proximal muscles contract and move and distal deferments are fixed

86
Q

Skill

A

Considered highest level of control and combines stability and mobility
Consists of stabilized proximal segments while distal move in space

87
Q

Dyssynergia

A

Breakdown in movement
Joints move separately to reach desired movements

88
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

Impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements

89
Q

Athetosis

A

Inadequate timing, force, and accuracy of movements in trunk/ limbs

90
Q

Ayres sensory integration

A

Based on principles of inner drive and active involvement of child
Individualizing activities used in therapy based on child’s interests

91
Q

Sensory integration and praxis test (SIPT)

A

4-8.11y
Relationship among tactile, vestibular-prop processing, visual perception and practicability

92
Q

DeGangi-Berk test of sensory integration (TSI)

A

3-5y
Measures SI function with focus on vestibular system

93
Q

Test of sensory functions in infants

A

1-18mos
Assess level of infants sensory responsiveness to variety of stimuli

94
Q

Sensory processing measure (SPM)

A

Elementary school aged
Measures sensory processing, praxis and social participation

95
Q

4 types of practice

A

1) random/ variable
2) blocked
3) variable conditions
4) mental practice

96
Q

Random/ variable practice

A

Involves practice of several tasks that are presented in a random order encouraging reformulation of the solution to the presented motor problem

97
Q

Blocked practice

A

Involves repeated performance of same motor skill

98
Q

Variable conditions practice

A

Involves practice of skills in various contexts to improve transfer of learning and retention of skills

99
Q

Mental practice

A

Involves cognitive reversal of a skill without actually moving object

100
Q

Alcalculia

A

Inability to perform calculations

101
Q

Agraphia

A

Inability to write

102
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to read

103
Q

Anomia

A

Loss of ability to name objects or retrieve names of people

104
Q

Anosognosia

A

Unawareness of motor deficits
Lack of insight or disability

105
Q

What side of brain damage is Aphasia and apraxia

A

Left

106
Q

Brocas/ expressive aphasia

A

Non fluent speech
Broken speech

107
Q

Wernickes/ receptive aphasia

A

Words spoken are meaningless
Cannot follow verbal commands

108
Q

Global aphasia

A

All language deficits

109
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Lack of knowledge of object, what to do with it and sequence

110
Q

Motor/ ideomotor apraxia

A

Cannot perform task when asked but can spontaneously
Loss of access of kinesthetic memory so purposeful movement cannot be achieved

111
Q

Astergnosis/ tactile agnosia

A

Inability to recognize object by touch alone

112
Q

Somatoagnosia

A

Body scheme disorder
diminished awareness of body structure and failure to recognize body parts as own

113
Q

Arnadottir OT Neurobehavioral Eval (A-ONE)

A

Structured observations of BADL and mobility skills

114
Q

Assessment of motor and process skills (AMPS)

A

Functional competence in 2 or 3 familiar and chosen BADL or IADL tasks

115
Q

Behavioral inattention task

A

Examines presence of unilateral neglect and impact on functional performance

116
Q

Catherine Bergego Scale

A

Direct prescience of unilateral neglect and self awareness of it

117
Q

Cognistat neurobehavioral cognitive status exam

A

Brain behavior relations

118
Q

Executive function performance test

A

Executive function deficits

119
Q

Loustein ot cognitive assessment (LOTA)

A

For stroke, TBI or tumor
Managing everyday tasks

120
Q

Mini-mental state exam (NMSE) if folstein test

A

Cognitive impairment

121
Q

Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA)

A

MILD cognitive dysfunction

122
Q

Rivermead behavioral memory test

A

MEMORY dysfunction

123
Q

Rivermead perceptual assessment battery

A

VISUAL- PERCEPTUAL deficits

124
Q

Remedial/ restorative/ transfer of training approach

A

RESTORATION of components to increase skills

125
Q

Compensatory/ adaptive/ functional approach

A

Compensatory strategies

126
Q

Neurofunctional approach

A

Focus on re training real world skills

127
Q

Cognitive disabilities model

A

Focus placed on adaptive approaches and strengthening residual activities

128
Q

Barthel index

A

Independence in ADL and functional mobility

129
Q

Cognitive performance test (CPT)

A

Assessment of functional task that require cognitive processing skills based on Allen Cognitive Disabilities model

130
Q

FIM and WeeFIM system

A

Assessment of severity of a disability as determined by what the individual actually does and the amount of assistance needed to complete task

131
Q

Katz index of ADL

A

Assessment level of independent functioning and type of assistance required in ADL

132
Q

Kitchen tool assessment (TKA)

A

Measurement of the judgement, planning, organizational skills used to perform a simple cooking task

133
Q

Klein bell activities of daily living scale (K-B Scale)

A

Assessment of independent functioning in ADLs

134
Q

Kohlmans eval of living skills (KELS)

A

Determination of individual knowledge and/ or performance of basic living skills needed to live independently

135
Q

Milwaukee eval of daily living skills (MEDLS)

A

Assessment if actual or stimulated performance of basic living skills needed to function in individual expected environment

136
Q

Routine task inventory (RTI)

A

Measurement of individual level of impairment in ADLs according to Allen model of cognitive disabilities

137
Q

PLISSIT model

A

P- permission
LI- limited info
SS- specific suggestions
IT- intense therapy

138
Q

Stages of Alzheimer’s

A

1) early stage mild
2) middle state mod
3) late stage severe

139
Q

Early stage of Alzheimer’s

A

Individual may function largely independently and engage in occupations of daily life without assistance
Individuals may be aware of having memory lapses or forgetting words

140
Q

Middle stage Alzheimer’s

A

Expletive frequent forgetfulness, mood changes, poor decision making in selecting clothes for weather, personality changes, disorientation and risk for wandering or becoming lost

141
Q

Late stage Alzheimer’s

A

Unable to engage with the environment, cannot carry on conversations, and require significant levels of assistance for daily activities

142
Q

Vascular dementia

A

Cerebrovascular disease that leads to focal lesions on the brain and neurotransmitter disruption

143
Q

Reisberg stage 1

A

No cognitive decline

144
Q

Reisberg stage 2

A

Very mild cognitive decline
No memory deficits evident
Person notices and complains about forgetfulness

145
Q

Reisberg stage 3

A

Mild cognitive decline
Family and friends begin to notice memory and recall deficits
Increase forgetfulness
Decrease performance with work and social environment

146
Q

Reisberg stage 4

A

Moderate cognitive decline
Mild dementia
Oriented to time and place
Can recognize familiar faces
Assistance at home
Noted in IADL

147
Q

Reisberg stage 5

A

Moderate severe cognitive decline
Moderate dementia
Individual cannot live alone
Needs cues and assistance to perform ADL and IADL
Forget major relevant facts of life
Disoriented to time and place

148
Q

Reisberg stage 6

A

Severe cognitive decline
Moderately severe dementia
No longer speaking in full sentences
Trouble following 2 step directions
Personal and emotional changes
Obsessive/ delusional behaviors
Bladder and bowel incontinence

149
Q

Reisberg stage 7

A

Very severe cognitive decline
Severe dementia
Can no longer sit, stand or walk
Bed bound

150
Q

What Allen cognitive level can a person do 3 running stitches

A

Level 3

151
Q

What Allen cognitive level can a person do a whipstitch

A

Level 4

NBCOT (6 decks)

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