Neuro Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Central cord lesion: UMN
A
Bilateral loss of pain and temp and motor function (UE)
2
Q
Brown sequard syndrome: UMN
A
Hemisection
Ipsilateral loss of tactile discrimination, pressure, vibration and proprioception
Ipsilateral motor function and spastic paralysis below lesion
Contralateral loss of pain and temp below lesion
3
Q
Anterior cord syndrome: UMN
A
Bilateral loss of motor function, pain and temperature
4
Q
Posterior cord syndrome: UMN
A
Bilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, pressure and epicritic sensation
5
Q
Cauda equina injury: LMN
A
Flaccid paralysis of bladder and bowel
No spinal reflec
6
Q
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
A
Disturbance in blood flow
Do not last long
Often warning sign for stroke
7
Q
Middle cerebral artery
A
Contralateral hemiplegia
Hemianesthesia
Homonymous hemianopsia
Aphasia (left)
Apraxia (left)
Unilateral neglect (right)
Spatial dysfunction (right)
8
Q
Anterior cerebral artery
A
Contralateral hemiplegia
Grasp reflex
Incontinence
Confusion
Apathy
Mutism
9
Q
Posterior cerebral artery
A
Homonymous hemianopia
Thalamic pain
Hemisensory loss
Alexia- inability to read
10
Q
Vertebrobasilar system
A
Pseudobulbar signs
Tetraplegia
11
Q
Severe Glasgow
A
Below 8
12
Q
Moderate Glasgow
A
9-12
13
Q
Minor Glasgow
A
Greater than 13
14
Q
GCS eye response
A
Open- 4 points
Spontaneous- spontaneous
Contact- command
Pain- pain
15
Q
GCS verbal response
A
Mouth- 5 points
Our- oriented
Company?- confused (questions)
Inappropriate- inappropriate
Inc- incomprehensible
16
Q
GCS motor
A
Muscle- 6 points
Obviously- obeys
Pretty- purposeful
With- withdraws
Flexible- flexion (decorticate)
Extensions- extension (decerebrate)
17
Q
ASIA impairment scale: A
A
Complete
No sensory or motor function is preserved in sacral segments S4 and S5
18
Q
ASIA: B
A
Incomplete
Sensory but no motor function is reserved below neurological level and extends through sacral segments
19
Q
ASIA: C
A
Incomplete
Motor function is preserved below neurological level and majority of key muscle groups below neurological level have muscle grade <3/5
20
Q
ASIA: D
A
Incomplete
Motor function is preserved below neurological level and majority of key muscle groups below neurological level have muscle group greater than 3/5
21
Q
ASIA: E
A
Normal
sensory and motor functions are normal
22
Q
Ataxia
A
Lack of coordination with voluntary movements
Clumsiness, inaccuracy, instability
Disjointed or jerky
23
Q
Chorea
A
Brief, purposeless involuntary movements of distal extremities and face
24
Q
Dyskinesia
A
Involuntary, erratic, withering movements of face, arms, legs and trunk
25
Dystonia
Sustained abnormal postures and disruptions of ongoing movements
Alterations of muscle tone
26
Hemiballismus
Involuntary flinging motions of extremities
Violent and wide amplitudes of motion
Continuous and random
Proximal and/ or distal muscles on 1 side of body
27
Myoclonus
Brief and rapid contraction of muscle or group of muscles
28
Tics
Brief, rapid, involuntary movements often resembling fragments of normal motor behavior
Stereotyped and repetitive but not rhythmic
29
Tremor
Rhythmic, alternating, oscillatory movement produced by repetitive pattern of muscle contraction and relaxation
30
Akinesia
Freezing
31
Bradykinesia
Slowed motor movwments
32
Dysmetria
Decreased coordination of movements
33
Rigidity
Muscle stiffness
34
Fasiculation
Involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation
Observed as muscle twitch
35
Festinating gait
Small rapid steps that result from a forward tilted head and trunk posture
36
Parasethesia
Numbness and tingling because of sensory nerve changes
37
What are the 4 primary symptoms of Parkinson’s
Tremor- pill rolling
Muscle rigidity
Bradykinesia
Postural instability
38
5 clinical states of Parkinson’s
1) unilateral symptoms
2) bilateral symptoms
3) postural instability
4) decrease postural instability, function, impaired mobility, need for assistance in ADLs
5) total dependence in ADLs and mobility
39
Spina Bifida occulta
Bony malformation with separation of vertebral arches
40
Occult spinal dysraphism
External manifestation as a red birthmark, patch of hair, dermal sinus, fatty benign tumor or dimple is present on site
41
Spina bifida with meningocele
Protrusion of sac through the spine containing CSF and meninges
42
Spina bifida with myelomeningocele
Protrusion of sac through spine containing CSF, meninges and SC or nerve roots
43
Tethered cord syndrome
Tail end of SC when cord is stretched because of compression, trapped with fatty mass or scar tissue
Dev abnormality or injury
44
Akathisia
Inability to remain still
45
Early stage OT intervention for Huntington
Cognitive, emotional, motor disability and safety at home
46
Middle stage OT intervention of Huntington
Education
47
Final stages OT intervention Huntington
Posture
Splinting
Smooth transition to feeding tubes
Daily schedules and routines
48
T or F: ALS is progressive that moves distal to proximal
True
49
6 stages of ALS
1) can walk and have some weakness
2) can walk moderate weakness
3) can walk severe weakness
4) in wheelchair severe weakness in legs
5) in wheelchair arms and legs severe weakness
6) confined to bed and dependent
50
Erb’s palsy
Paralysis of upper brachial plexus including C5 and C6 and C7
Waiters tip position
Arm cannot be raised and elbow cannot be flexed
51
Klumpke’s
Paralysis of lower brachial plexus including C7 and C8 and T1
Hand and fingers don’t move
52
Guillain-Barré syndrome:
Onset and acute inflammatory phase
Acute weakness that occurs in 2 extremities
Max 2-4 weeks
53
Guillain-Barré syndrome:
Plateau phase
Symptoms are most disabling with little or no change over a few days or weeks
54
Guillain-Barré syndrome:
Progressive recovery phase
Recovery tends to start at head and neck and travel distally
55
Guillain-Barré syndrome: plateau phase interventions
Use of communication tools
Environmental mods
Adapt telephone for hands free use
Positioning
Educate client and fam about health condition and anxiety reduction
56
Guillain-Barré syndrome:
Recovery phase OT intervention
Dynamic splints
Safe mobility
Improve independence an safety functional transfers
Mod techniques for self care
Adaptive equipment
Energy conservation and fatigue management
Client centered fine motor program
Home assessment and recommend mods
57
Dysarthria/ dysphasia
Difficulty speaking
58
Visuospatial
Persons capacity to identify visual and spatial relationships between objects
59
Pseudo-bulbar effect
Sudden, uncontrollable episodes of inappropriate laughter or crying
MS
60
MS 4 categories of disease progression
1) relapse-remitting
2) secondary progressive
3) primary progressive
4) progressive relapsing
61
Relapse remitting category in MS
Clearly defined relapse of acute worsening of neurological function followed by partial or complete improvement and then stable periods of remission between attacks
62
Secondary progressive category in MS
Starts with a relapsing remitting course of up to 10-15 years and is usually diagnosed when there is continued neurological deterioration
63
Primary progressive category in MS
Continuous declining neurological function from onset
64
Progressive relapsing category in MS
Continued disease progression with super imposed relapses
65
Dysphagia
Trouble swallowing
66
Dyspraxia
Difficulties with motor skills and coordination
67
Tonic clonic/ grand mal seizures
Most common
Brief warning such as numbness, taste, smell or other sensations occur
68
Tonic phase in tonic-clonic seizure
Loss of consciousness, stiffening of body, bowel and bladder incontinence seconds before clonic phase
69
Clonic phase in tonic- clonic seizure
Alternating rigidity and relaxation of muscles
70
Postical state
Follows clonic phase
Period of drowsiness, disorientation or fatigue
71
Myoclonic- akinetic seizure
Brief, involuntary jerking of extremities with or without loss of consciousness
72
Petit mal/ absent seizure
4-12y
Loss of consciousness without loss of muscle tone
Rapid blinking, staring into space
73
Simple partial seizure
Involuntary, repetitive jerking of hand and arm
Child may experience visual or auditory hallucinations or olfactory senses
74
Infantile spasms or West syndrome, infantile myoclonic or jackknife
3-9mos
Dropping head and flexion of arms
Occur 100x per day
75
Lenox-Gaustat
First 3y of life
Hard to control- seizures if different types
Regression of dev status
76
Landau- kleffner syndrome/ acquired epileptic aphasia
Progressive encephalopathy
Loss of language skills
Auditory agnosia
Behavioral disturbances
77
Simple febrile seizure
Most common in children under 5y
Loss of consciousness and involuntary, generalized jerking of ground mal seizures
78
Status epilepticus seizure
Prolonged seizure in rapid succession
Life threatening
Occurs with tonic clonic
79
Thrombangiitis obliterus/ Buergers disease results in
Diminished temp sense
Paresthesias
Pain
Cold extremeties
80
Motor learning theory
Importance of practice and repetition
Transfer of learning
Provides visual and verbal feedback to give person input they needed to make postural and limb adjustments
81
Brunnstorms movement therapy
Focus on facilitating recovery through specific treatment
Treatment focuses on on promotion of movement from reflexive to volitional
82
Margaret Rood Approach 4 sequential phases of motor control
1) reciprocal inhibition/ innervation
2) co-contraction
3) heavy work
4) skill
83
Reciprocal inhibition/ innervation
Early mobility pattern is a primarily reflex governed by spinal and supraspinal centers
84
Co-contraction
Simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist that provide stability in static position
85
Heavy work
Proximal muscles contract and move and distal deferments are fixed
86
Skill
Considered highest level of control and combines stability and mobility
Consists of stabilized proximal segments while distal move in space
87
Dyssynergia
Breakdown in movement
Joints move separately to reach desired movements
88
Dysdiadochokinesia
Impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements
89
Athetosis
Inadequate timing, force, and accuracy of movements in trunk/ limbs
90
Ayres sensory integration
Based on principles of inner drive and active involvement of child
Individualizing activities used in therapy based on child’s interests
91
Sensory integration and praxis test (SIPT)
4-8.11y
Relationship among tactile, vestibular-prop processing, visual perception and practicability
92
DeGangi-Berk test of sensory integration (TSI)
3-5y
Measures SI function with focus on vestibular system
93
Test of sensory functions in infants
1-18mos
Assess level of infants sensory responsiveness to variety of stimuli
94
Sensory processing measure (SPM)
Elementary school aged
Measures sensory processing, praxis and social participation
95
4 types of practice
1) random/ variable
2) blocked
3) variable conditions
4) mental practice
96
Random/ variable practice
Involves practice of several tasks that are presented in a random order encouraging reformulation of the solution to the presented motor problem
97
Blocked practice
Involves repeated performance of same motor skill
98
Variable conditions practice
Involves practice of skills in various contexts to improve transfer of learning and retention of skills
99
Mental practice
Involves cognitive reversal of a skill without actually moving object
100
Alcalculia
Inability to perform calculations
101
Agraphia
Inability to write
102
Alexia
Inability to read
103
Anomia
Loss of ability to name objects or retrieve names of people
104
Anosognosia
Unawareness of motor deficits
Lack of insight or disability
105
What side of brain damage is Aphasia and apraxia
Left
106
Brocas/ expressive aphasia
Non fluent speech
Broken speech
107
Wernickes/ receptive aphasia
Words spoken are meaningless
Cannot follow verbal commands
108
Global aphasia
All language deficits
109
Ideational apraxia
Lack of knowledge of object, what to do with it and sequence
110
Motor/ ideomotor apraxia
Cannot perform task when asked but can spontaneously
Loss of access of kinesthetic memory so purposeful movement cannot be achieved
111
Astergnosis/ tactile agnosia
Inability to recognize object by touch alone
112
Somatoagnosia
Body scheme disorder
diminished awareness of body structure and failure to recognize body parts as own
113
Arnadottir OT Neurobehavioral Eval (A-ONE)
Structured observations of BADL and mobility skills
114
Assessment of motor and process skills (AMPS)
Functional competence in 2 or 3 familiar and chosen BADL or IADL tasks
115
Behavioral inattention task
Examines presence of unilateral neglect and impact on functional performance
116
Catherine Bergego Scale
Direct prescience of unilateral neglect and self awareness of it
117
Cognistat neurobehavioral cognitive status exam
Brain behavior relations
118
Executive function performance test
Executive function deficits
119
Loustein ot cognitive assessment (LOTA)
For stroke, TBI or tumor
Managing everyday tasks
120
Mini-mental state exam (NMSE) if folstein test
Cognitive impairment
121
Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA)
MILD cognitive dysfunction
122
Rivermead behavioral memory test
MEMORY dysfunction
123
Rivermead perceptual assessment battery
VISUAL- PERCEPTUAL deficits
124
Remedial/ restorative/ transfer of training approach
RESTORATION of components to increase skills
125
Compensatory/ adaptive/ functional approach
Compensatory strategies
126
Neurofunctional approach
Focus on re training real world skills
127
Cognitive disabilities model
Focus placed on adaptive approaches and strengthening residual activities
128
Barthel index
Independence in ADL and functional mobility
129
Cognitive performance test (CPT)
Assessment of functional task that require cognitive processing skills based on Allen Cognitive Disabilities model
130
FIM and WeeFIM system
Assessment of severity of a disability as determined by what the individual actually does and the amount of assistance needed to complete task
131
Katz index of ADL
Assessment level of independent functioning and type of assistance required in ADL
132
Kitchen tool assessment (TKA)
Measurement of the judgement, planning, organizational skills used to perform a simple cooking task
133
Klein bell activities of daily living scale (K-B Scale)
Assessment of independent functioning in ADLs
134
Kohlmans eval of living skills (KELS)
Determination of individual knowledge and/ or performance of basic living skills needed to live independently
135
Milwaukee eval of daily living skills (MEDLS)
Assessment if actual or stimulated performance of basic living skills needed to function in individual expected environment
136
Routine task inventory (RTI)
Measurement of individual level of impairment in ADLs according to Allen model of cognitive disabilities
137
PLISSIT model
P- permission
LI- limited info
SS- specific suggestions
IT- intense therapy
138
Stages of Alzheimer’s
1) early stage mild
2) middle state mod
3) late stage severe
139
Early stage of Alzheimer’s
Individual may function largely independently and engage in occupations of daily life without assistance
Individuals may be aware of having memory lapses or forgetting words
140
Middle stage Alzheimer’s
Expletive frequent forgetfulness, mood changes, poor decision making in selecting clothes for weather, personality changes, disorientation and risk for wandering or becoming lost
141
Late stage Alzheimer’s
Unable to engage with the environment, cannot carry on conversations, and require significant levels of assistance for daily activities
142
Vascular dementia
Cerebrovascular disease that leads to focal lesions on the brain and neurotransmitter disruption
143
Reisberg stage 1
No cognitive decline
144
Reisberg stage 2
Very mild cognitive decline
No memory deficits evident
Person notices and complains about forgetfulness
145
Reisberg stage 3
Mild cognitive decline
Family and friends begin to notice memory and recall deficits
Increase forgetfulness
Decrease performance with work and social environment
146
Reisberg stage 4
Moderate cognitive decline
Mild dementia
Oriented to time and place
Can recognize familiar faces
Assistance at home
Noted in IADL
147
Reisberg stage 5
Moderate severe cognitive decline
Moderate dementia
Individual cannot live alone
Needs cues and assistance to perform ADL and IADL
Forget major relevant facts of life
Disoriented to time and place
148
Reisberg stage 6
Severe cognitive decline
Moderately severe dementia
No longer speaking in full sentences
Trouble following 2 step directions
Personal and emotional changes
Obsessive/ delusional behaviors
Bladder and bowel incontinence
149
Reisberg stage 7
Very severe cognitive decline
Severe dementia
Can no longer sit, stand or walk
Bed bound
150
What Allen cognitive level can a person do 3 running stitches
Level 3
151
What Allen cognitive level can a person do a whipstitch
Level 4
