Neuro

Question 1

where does the somatic motor component of the vagus nerve originate from?
a. originate from the rostral portion of the nucleus ambiguus
b. originate from the roof nucleus
c. originate from the optic nuclei
d. originate from the arcuate nucleus
e. originate from the caudal portion of the ambiguous nucleus, arranged longitudinally of the bul

Answer 1

the caudal portion of the ambiguous nucleus

Question 2

where does the viscero-sensory component of the glossopharyngeal nerve receive fibers from?

Answer 2

from the carotid glomus chemoceptors and carotid sinus baroreceptors

Question 3

what does the somatic motor component of the vagus nerve innervate?

Answer 3

the intrinsic muscles of:
- larynx
- pharynx
- esophagus
- part of the palate

Question 4

where is Clarke’s backbone located? what neurons does it contain?

Answer 4

in lamina VII

contains the neurons that give rise to ventral spinocerebellar bundle

Question 5

what constitutes the primary olfactory area?

Answer 5

the pyriform and periamygdaloid cortices

Question 6

where is the cochlear ganglion located?

Answer 6

in the modaiol of the cochlea

Question 7

where are Betz giant cells of the motor cortex mainly contained?

Answer 7

layer V in the precentral gyrus

Question 8

what is the optic ganglion associated with?

Answer 8

with the glossopharyngeal nerve and innervates the parotid gland

Question 9

what does the stapedius muscle do?

Answer 9

reduces excessive vibrations of the stapes to protect the inner ear from loud sounds

Question 10

what are olfactory cells?

Answer 10

differentiated and specialized neurons

Question 11

what do otoliths consist of?

Answer 11

calcium carbonate

Question 12

what is Brown-Sequard syndrome? what are the key functional defects and features?

Answer 12

it is a hemicord lesion (damage to one side of the spinal cord)

key features
- ipsilateral (same side as lesion)
= loss of motor function
= loss of proprioception, vibration, and fine touch

• contralateral (opposite side of lesion)
  = loss of pain and temperature sensation

Question 13

what is a paraneoplastic myopathy? example.

Answer 13

a muscle disorder associated with an underlying malignancy, typically caused by an autoimmune response triggered by cancer

EX. Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)

Question 14

what is the entorhinal cortex?

Answer 14

an associative olfactory area

Question 15

what are the cerebral peduncles?

Answer 15

paired structures in the midbrain that contain motor and sensory pathways to facilitate communication btw the brain and spinal cord

Question 16

where it the nucleus of the abducens nerve located?

Answer 16

in the pons

Question 17

what is the substantia nigra?

Answer 17

a midbrain structure involved in dopamine production and motor control

degeneration = Parkinson’s disease

Question 18

what does Monro’s interventricular foramen connect?

Answer 18

the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle

Question 19

In adults, the conus medullaris (spinal cone) of the spinal cord typically terminates at the level of which vertebral bodies?

Answer 19

e. L1-L2

Question 20

Where are the retinal junctions in the eye?

Answer 20

lens fibers

Question 21

what does the trapezoid body consist of?

Answer 21

acoustic pathway fibers that originate in the cochlear nuclei

Question 22

The cureless locus projects diffusely to the telencephalic cortex. What neurotransmitter do the neurons of the careless locus release?

Answer 22

noradrenaline

Question 23

where is the myenteric (or Auerbach’s) plexus localized?

Answer 23

at the level of the muscular tonaca

Question 24

what is the receptor called the nuclear bag?

Answer 24

a rapidly adapting receptor that primarily signals velocity

Question 25

what are the vestibulospinal tracts?

Answer 25

descending motor pathways that originate from vestibular nuclei and help regulate posture, balance, and head movements by influencing extensor muscle tone

Question 26

what is the viscero-sensory component of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 26

it receives fibers from the chemoreceptors of the carotid glomus to the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus

Question 27

Which of the following statements is false about the abenula? a. receives afferents from the libido system via the medullary stria b. the lateral part projects to the serotonergic nuclei of the brainstem c. the medial part projects to the interpeduncular nuclei, and is involved in nicotine withdrawal d. the lateral part projects to the dopaminergic nuclei of the midbrain e. it is part of the subthalamus

Answer 27

d. the lateral part projects to the dopaminergic nuclei of the midbrain

Question 28

what do hippocampal mossy fibers (muscoid fibers) connect?

Answer 28

the dentate gyrus with the CA3 neurons

Question 29

what functions would a lesion of the angular and supramarginal gyri impair?

Answer 29

1. language comprehension 2. reading and writing 3. spatial awareness and perception 4. sensorimotor integration

Question 30

Where are the joints set in the eye?

Answer 30

sclerocorneal trabecularis

Question 31

what are corticostriatal fibers?

Answer 31

projections from cerebral cortex to the striatum play crucial role in motor control, cognition, and procedural learning

Question 32

by which medial region of the cerebral hemispheres is mood tone regulated?

Answer 32

sub-genual region of the cingulate gyrus

Question 33

what do gamma motor neurons do?

Answer 33

control muscle spindle tone, enhancing response to muscle stretching

Question 34

Which of these bones does not take part in the formation of the orbit? a. maxillary b. palatine c. small wing of the sphenoid d. zygomatic e. pterygoid process

Answer 34

b. palatine

Question 35

All of the following statements about the upper colliculus are correct except: a. it is involved in the control of conjugate eye movements b. is involved in the convergence of the eyes c. is involved in the consensual pupillary reflex to light d. is located in the upper half of the midbrain e. receives a contingent of axons directly from retinal ganglion neurons

Answer 35

b. is involved in the convergence of the eyes

Question 36

Injury to a cervical spinal root, such as due to prolapse of an intervertebral disc, can cause each of the following signs, except: a. muscle weakness and atrophy of the innervated territory b. tingling sensations c. increased tendon reflexes in the innervated territory d. loss of sensation corresponding to the innervated dermatome e. neck pain radiating to the arm

Answer 36

c. increased tendon reflexes in the innervated territory

Question 37

Which of the following structures is not involved in the pupillary reflex to light? a. pretectal nuclei b. nucleus of Edinger-Westphal c. optic tract d. visual cortex e. posterior commissure

Answer 37

d. visual cortex

Question 38

where do lateral corticospinal tract fibers cross the midline?

Answer 38

in the caudal medulla oblongata

Question 39

what does the lateral fissure of the cortex do?

Answer 39

give access to the insula cortex

Question 40

what is the splanchnocranium skin innervated by?

Answer 40

fibers originating from trigeminal (or semilunar) ganglion

Question 41

what is the accommodation reflex?

Answer 41

a physiological response where eye adjusts to focus on near objects by constricting the pupil, changing the curvature of the lens and converging the eyes to maintain clear vision

Question 42

Which nerve innervates the soleus muscle?

Answer 42

tibial nerve

Question 43

what does vagal stimulation in the heart do?

Answer 43

accelerates the heartbeat

Question 44

Which nerve is considered the terminal branch of the pudendal plexus in males?

Answer 44

inferior hemorrhoidal

Question 45

In optical pathways, what is the optic nerve formed by?

Answer 45

the axons of unipolar cells

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the ear is false? a. The external acoustic meatus communicates with the nasopharynx. b. The round window houses the base of the hammer (malleus). c. The tympanic membrane closes the external acoustic meatus. d. The auditory tube (Eustachian tube) connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. e. The membranous labyrinth contains endolymph.

Answer 46

a. The external acoustic meatus communicates with the nasopharynx.

Question 47

the auditory pathway run in the...

Answer 47

tegmentum, midbrain and thalamus

Question 48

what structure is not part of the limbic system?

Answer 48

cerebellum

Question 49

key structures associated with the limbic system (6)

Answer 49

hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus thalamus cingulate gyrus fornix

Question 50

what is the archibellum? what does it do?

Answer 50

it is one of the 3 main regions of cerebellum primarily receives input from vestibular nuclei sends output to brainstem nuclei to modulate and coordinate balance, posture and eye movements

Question 51

what does the parabrachial nuclear surround?

Answer 51

superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 52

a 17 year old boy is in the emergency department after receiving a stab wound at the front of his neck, the knife entrance wound was located on the left side of the neck just lateral to the tip of the greater corner of the hyoid bone. during physical examination the patient was asked to protrude his tongue, which deviated to the left. the following statements would explain the physical signs in this patient except? a. hypoglossal nerve descends in the neck between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein b. genioglossus muscle is supplies by glossopharyngeal n. c. paralysis of left genioglossus muscle permitted the right genioglossus to pull the tongue forward and turned the tip to the left side d. none of the other answer are correct e. the point of the knife blade severed the left hypoglossal nerve

Answer 52

b. genioglossus muscle is supplies by glossopharyngeal n. WHY - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) controls the tongue muscles, including the genioglossus. - genioglossus muscle, which protrudes the tongue, is actually supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), not the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). - a stab wound near the greater cornu of the hyoid bone could damage the hypoglossal nerve, leading to paralysis of the ipsilateral genioglossus muscle. - when the left hypoglossal nerve is injured, the right genioglossus muscle is unopposed, pulling the tongue towards the left (affected) side when protruded.

Question 53

which nerve innervates most of the plantar side of foot?

Answer 53

tibial nerve it is a branch of the sciatic nerve and derived from ventral rami of spinal nerves L4 to S3 provides sensory innervation

Question 54

what contains gabaergic projection neurons that reduce muscle tone and tendon reflex? a. rubrospinal b. tectospinal c. lateral corticospinal d. pontine reticulospinal e. medullary reticulospinal

Answer 54

e. medullary reticulospinal

Question 55

a 73 year old woman visited her physician because she had noticed that the right side of her face was sagging downward. She first noticed the condition when waking up 2 mornings ago. Otherwise she felt very well. On examination the patient had a complete right-side facial paralysis, the right lower eyelid was drooping, and the right angle of the mouth was sagging. A diagnosis of Bell's palsy was made. Further examination of this patient demonstrated the following signs and symptoms except which? a. tears tended to flow easily over the right lower eyelid b. saliva dribbled from the right corner of her mouth c. the patient was unable to close her right eye completely d. the patient was unable to expose the teeth fully on the right side of her mouth e. the muscles on the right side of her forehead worked perfectly normally when she was asked to raise her eyebrow

Answer 55

e. the muscles on the right side of her forehead worked perfectly normally when she was asked to raise her eyebrow

Question 56

what does the olfactory nerve (CN I) do?

Answer 56

detect smell from nasal cavity

Question 57

what does the optic nerve (CN II) do?

Answer 57

transmits visual info from retina --> brain

Question 58

what does the oculomotor nerve (CN III) do?

Answer 58

controls most eye movements, pupil constriction, and eyelid elevation

Question 59

what does the trochlear nerve (CN IV) do?

Answer 59

moves the eye downward and inward via the superior oblique muscle

Question 60

what does the trigeminal nerve (CN V) do?

Answer 60

provides facial sensation and controls the muscles of mastication (chewing)

Question 61

what does the abducens nerve (CN VI) do?

Answer 61

moves the eye laterally via lateral rectus muscle

Question 62

what does the facial nerve (CN VII) do?

Answer 62

controls facial expressions, taste (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), and salivary/lacrimal gland secretion

Question 63

what does the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) do?

Answer 63

responsible for hearing and balance (equilibrium)

Question 64

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) do?

Answer 64

provides taste (posterior 1/3 of the tongue), swallowing, and carotid body reflex

Question 65

what does the vagus nerve (CN X) do?

Answer 65

controls parasympathetic functions in thoracic/abdominal organs, speech, and swallowing

Question 66

what does the accessory nerve (CN XI) do?

Answer 66

controls head and shoulder movement via sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Question 67

what does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) do?

Answer 67

controls tongue movement for speech and swallowing