Neuro

Question 1

Brain stem function (5)

Answer 1

controls
1. BP
2. HR
3. respirations
4. vasomotor activity
5. cranial nerves

Question 2

What is uncal herniation?

Answer 2

Hernation through the tentorial notch, which is where the brain stem emerges through the dura mater

Question 3

Gray matter

Answer 3

cell bodies of neurons

Question 4

White matter

Answer 4

axons of neurons

Question 5

Where is the Broca’s area located?

Answer 5

frontal lobe

Question 6

Which area of the brain is responsible for speech production? What type of aphasia is this?

Answer 6

Broca’s area - expressive aphasia

Question 7

What can damage to the parietal lobes cause?

Answer 7

• spacial orientation problems
• neglect & denial
• extinction

Question 8

Which area of the brain is responsible for understanding speech and language? What type of aphasia is this?

Answer 8

Wernicke’s area - receptive/fluent aphasia

Question 9

Basal ganglia function

Answer 9

controls fine motor and initiation of movements

Question 10

how much CSF is produced per day

Answer 10

500 mL

Question 11

how much CSF is produced per hour?

Answer 11

20-25 mL

Question 12

how much CSF is in the system at any given time?

Answer 12

125-150 mL

Question 13

what produces CSF

Answer 13

choroid plexus

Question 14

where is CSF reabsorbed?

Answer 14

arachnoid villi

Question 15

where is CSF drained from the CNS?

Answer 15

via the jugular vein and venous sinus

Question 16

normal CSF characteristics

Answer 16

colorless, clear, odorless

Question 17

what does xanthochromic CSF indicate?

Answer 17

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 18

what does CSF infected by bacteria look like?

Answer 18

low glucose, high WBC, cloudy, high protein

Question 19

what does CSF high in protein indicate?

Answer 19

degenerative or demyelinating diseases (multiple sclerosis, etc)
inflammation or damage to the nerves

Question 20

how much CO and oxygen does the brain receive?

Answer 20

15-20% CO; 20-25% oxygen

Question 21

what is the primary source of energy for the brain?

Answer 21

glucose metabolism

Question 22

where is most of the cerebral blood flow located?

Answer 22

Circle of Willis

Question 23

What factors affect cerebral blood flow? And how?

Answer 23

1. CO2 - increases vasodilation and therefore blood flow
2. O2 - increases vasoconstriction therefore decreased blood flow
3. blood viscosity - decreases blood flow
4. medications - Mannitol - improves blood flow by decreasing ICP and fluid volume
5. seizures - induces vasoconstriction

Question 24

What range of MAP can the brain autoregulate blood flow?

Answer 24

50-150 mmHg

Question 25

How does hypertension or hypotension affect autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?

Answer 25

HTN requires increased MAP to maintain homeostasis and cerebral blood flow. Extreme pressures can cause a rupture and hemorrhagic bleed. At the same time, too low BP can cause ischemia.

Question 26

What is permeable through the blood brain barrier?

Answer 26

- water - oxygen - CO2 - glucose - other gases - antibiotics - alcohol