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CNUR 107 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

Frontal lobe

A

problem solving, emotional traits, reasoning, speaking, voluntary activity

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2
Q

temporal lobe

A

understanding, behaviour, memory, hearing

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3
Q

Brainstem

A

breathing, body temp, digestion, alertness/sleep, swallowing

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4
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance, coordination and control of voluntary movements, fine muscle control

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5
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision, color perception

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6
Q

Parietal lobe

A

knowing right from left, sensation, reading, body orientation

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7
Q

Central nervous system involves

A

spinal cord, brain, cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic (Voluntary) sensory and motor
Automatic: sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic (maintain normal body function)

(includes all the the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord and extend to other parts of the body muscles and organs) sends info to spinal cord

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9
Q

Brain cerebrum includes

A

2 hemispheres, 4 functional lobes

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10
Q

what does the cerebrum control

A

sensory, touch, sight, hearing, taste, smell, voluntary movement, learning, memorizing, language, speech, personality

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11
Q

What are the 4 lobes in brain cerebrum

A

frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

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12
Q

Wernicke area

A

Area in temporal lobe assoc. with language comprehension
If damaged will cause ‘Receptive Aphasia’
Person hears language but sounds like foreign language

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13
Q

Brocas area

A

In frontal lobe
Mediates motor speech
When injured “Expressive Aphasia” results
Persons knows what they want to say and understand but it comes out garbled.

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14
Q

Midbrain contains

A

-motor and sensory tract
-neurons that produce dopamine
-cranial nerves CNIII, CNIV

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15
Q

Pons

A

Involved in skeletal muscles for breathing
-contains CNV, CNVI, CNII, CNVIII

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16
Q

Medulla

A

involved with atomic functions like breathing, BP, digestion, sneezing, swallowing
-sensory and motor neurons
CN VIII, CN IX, CNX, CNXI, CNXII

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17
Q

The spinal cord contains

A

Ascending and descending fibre tract, nerve cell bodies with anterior posterior horns, sensory pathways, motor pathways

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18
Q

Acending tracts are

A

sensory – deliver info to brain

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19
Q

Descending tracts are

A

motor – deliver info to periphery

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20
Q

Left cerebral cortex

A

receives sensory info from and controls motor function to the right side of the body

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21
Q

Right cerebral cortex

A

receives sensory info from and controls motor function to the left side of body

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22
Q

There are sensory receptors in

A

skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons & viscera

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23
Q

Where do sensations travel through

A

the afferent fibers in the peripheral nerve, then through the posterior root to the spinal cord

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24
Q

2 pathways in the spinal cord

A

spinothalamic tract, Posterior dorsal

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25
spinothalamic tract
Fibres that transmit sensations: pain, temp, light or crude touch
26
Posterior dorsal
Fibres that conduct position, vibration, finely localized touch
27
Somatic nervous system
directs contraction of skeletal muscle
28
Automatic nervous system
directs the activity of glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
29
4 types of reflexes
deep tendon superficial visceral pathological (abnormal)
30
what part of the nervous system are reflexes involved in
peripheral
30
what is happening when tapping of tendons happen
Tapping tendon activates the sensory afferent nerve – message travels through the dorsal root into spinal cord and synapse directly with the motor neuron = travels to muscle to stimulate contraction
31
why do we assess reflexes
intact sensory nerve (afferent) - functional synapse in the cord - intact motor nerve fiber (efferent) - a neuromuscular junction - competent muscle - reveals the intactness of reflex arc at specific spinal levels
32
Visceral reflexes
Monitored & mediated by autonomic nerves & initiated in the viscera (internal organs eg. peristalsis
33
Superficial reflex
abdominal and plantar
34
Deep tendon reflex
"Normal response" -Bicep -Tricep -Quad -Achillies
35
Bicep reflex
(intactness of the reflex arc at spinal levels C5 to C6) Response: contraction of bicep muscle & flexion of forearm
36
Tricep reflex
(intactness of the reflex arc at spinal levels C7 to C8) -response is extension of forearm
37
Quadracep reflex
(intactness of the reflex arc at spinal levels L2 to L4) Response: extension of lower leg & contraction of quadricep
38
Achillies reflex
(intactness of the reflex arc at spinal levels L5 to S2) Response: foot plantar flex
39
DTR scale (rate reflex)
4+ very brisk, hyperactive with clonus – disease (upper motor neuron disease) 3+ brisker than average, may indicate disease 2+ average, normal 1+ diminished, low normal 0 no response (lower motor neuron disease)
40
Abdominal reflex
T8-T10 above umbilicus T10-T12 below umbilicus
41
Superficial plantar response
(L4-S2) Plantar flexion
42
Babski response
Dorsi flexion of toe can indicate upper motor neuron disease
43
Dermatones
Sensory nerves gives sensation to the skin which are called dermatomes Dermatomes exist for each spinal nerve Sensory info from a specific dermatome is transmitted by a sensory nerve fiber to spinal nerve of a specific segment of the spinal cord
44
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory
45
Craial nerve II
Optic
46
cranial nerve III
Oculomotor
47
Cranial nerve IV
Trochlear
48
Cranial nerve V
Trigeminal
49
Cranial nerve VI
Abducens
50
Cranial nerve VII
facial
51
Cranial nerve VIII
Acoustic
52
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal
53
Cranial nerve X
Vagus
54
Cranial nerve XI
Spinal accessory
55
Cranial nerve XII
hypoglassal
56
cranial nerves in Cerebral hemisphere
I, II
57
Cranial nerves in midbrain
II, IV
58
Cranial nerves in Pons
V, VI, VII, VIII
59
Cranial nerves in Medualla
IX, X, XI, XII
60
How to test Cranial nerve I (olfactory)
(sensory) Assess nasal patency, one nare at a time. Occlude one nostril and present a scent (i.e. toothpaste)
61
How to test Cranial nerve II: Optic
(sensory) Test vidual acuity snellen eye, confrontation test, peripheral vision
62
How to test cranial nerves III, IV, VI
III (mixed) IV (motor) down and up VI (Motor) lateral Eye movements Assess pupils
63
How to test cranial nerve V
Light tough sensation by brushing cotton on forehead, (opthamlic division of the trigeminal nerve), cheeks (maxillary division) and chin (mandibular division)
64
How to test VII
(facial) Mobility and facial symmetry
65
How to test cranial nerve VIII
Acoustic sensory Whisper voice test
66
test IX and X
Motor: Depress the tongue w/ a tongue blade and note pharyngeal movement (ahhhhh, or yawns). Uvula and soft palate should rise at midline and tonsillar pillars should move medially. Touch posterior pharyngeal wall w/ tongue blade – note gag reflex. Sensory: Taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue. Too difficult to test.
67
Testing Cranial nerve XI
Examine sternomastoid muscle and trapezius muscles for equal size & strength Ask patient to rotate head forcibly against resistance applied to the chin Ask patient to shrug shoulders against resistance.
68
cerebellar functions tests for balance
Gait Tandem walking (heel to toe walking) Romberg test Shallow knee bend
69
Cerebellar tests for coordinations
Rapid alternating movements – pat knees w/ back of the hands and pad of hands or you can: Touch thumb to each finger on same hand Finger-to-finger test – Patient eyes are open and they reaches out to touch your finger and then to his/her own nose Finger-to-nose test - Patients eyes are closed and stretch arms forward, repeatedly touch their own nose, alternating hands Heel-to-shin test – Patient supine, run heel up along opposite shin
70
when testing sensory system make sure:
Person is alert, cooperative, and comfortable Adequate attention span Compare side to side Avoid leading questions (i.e. “Can you feel that light feather?” Eyes should be closed
71
Tactile discrimination (Fine touch) Tests
Stereognosis – object recognition Graphesthesia – read a number tracing
72
Position (kinesthesia)
ability to perceive passive movement – move finger/toe up or down & ask which way it is moved (pt has eyes closed)
73
Common neurological problems in elderly
Epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, dementia & Alzheimer’s are increased in older adulthood. Falls are common, followed by car accidents Language changes, hearing loss, taste and smell changes Balance & emotional changes - Difference in gait

CNUR 107 (5 decks)

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