neuro 2

Question 1

affect of ammonia on respiration

Answer 1

ammonia is a respiratory stimulant therefore causes respiratory alkalosis

Question 2

disorder of tone, posture, movement, caused by a non progressive brain lesion in a developing brain

Answer 2

Cerebral palsy

Question 3

3 types of cerebral palsy

Answer 3

1) Spastic
2) Dyskinetic
3) Ataxic

Question 4

name condition: Progressive muscular weakness due to absence of dystrophin

Answer 4

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Question 5

inheritance of DMD

Answer 5

X-linked recessive

Question 6

name 5 complications of DMD

Answer 6

• Scoliosis
• Cardiomyopathy
• Resp failure
• Osteoporosis
• Learning disability

Question 7

role of dystrophin protein?

Answer 7

this protein provides structural links between muscle fibres therefore lack of protein leads to progressive deterioration of muscle structure

Question 8

diagnostic criteria for T1DM

Answer 8

Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 7

or

2 hour plasma glucose greater than or equal to 11.1

Question 9

blood glucose target for driving

Answer 9

greater than or equal to 5

Question 10

1st line treatment for generalised tonic clonic seizures

Answer 10

Sodium valporate

Question 11

2nd line treatment for generalised tonic clonic seizures

Answer 11

lamotrigine or carbamazepine

Question 12

4 ways a focal seizure can present?

Answer 12

• Hallucinations
• memory flashbacks
• deja vu
• doing something strange on autopilot

Question 13

1st line treatment for focal seizures?

Answer 13

carbamazepine or lamotrigine

Question 14

2nd line treatment for focal seizures

Answer 14

sodium valproate or levetiracetam

Question 15

describe the course of an absence seizure

Answer 15

the patient becomes blank, stares into space and then abruptly returns to normal. unresponsive during episode, typically lasts 10-20 seconds

Question 16

1st line treatment for absence seizures

Answer 16

Sodium valporate or ethosuximide

Question 17

what type of seizures can occur in children as part of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Answer 17

myoclonic seizures

Question 18

what are infantile spasms also known as?

Answer 18

West syndorme

Question 19

condition characterised by clusters of full body spasms

Answer 19

west syndrome

Question 20

age for febrile convulsions

Answer 20

6 months & 5 years

Question 21

when should an MRI be considered in the invx of seizures?

Answer 21

• Seizures not responding to medications
• Focal seizures
• First seizure is under 2 years old

Question 22

3 side effects of Na Valporate

Answer 22

• hepatitis
• hair loss
• tremor

Question 23

3 side effects of carbmazepine

Answer 23

• agranulocytosis
• aplastic anaemia
• induces P450 system

Question 24

3 side effects of phenytoin

Answer 24

• folate & vit d deficiency
• megaloblastic anaemia
• osteomalacia

Question 25

2 side effects of ethosuximide

Answer 25

- night tremors | - rashes

Question 26

how is status epilepticus defined

Answer 26

seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or more than 3 seizures in one hour

Question 27

proportion of those with febrile seizures that will have another one?

Answer 27

1/3

Question 28

medication for excessive drooling, often in cerebral palsy

Answer 28

Glycopyrronium bromide

Question 29

what is squint also known as

Answer 29

stabismus

Question 30

what is amblyopia?

Answer 30

when the lazy eye becomes more disconnected from the brain and over time the probelm becomes worse

Question 31

define strabismus

Answer 31

misalignment of the eyes

Question 32

Esotropia is ...

Answer 32

inward moving squint

Question 33

Exotropia is ...

Answer 33

outwards moving squint

Question 34

Hypertropia is ...

Answer 34

upward moving affected eye

Question 35

Hypotropia is ...

Answer 35

downward moving affected eye

Question 36

4 causes of squint

Answer 36

- SoL - Trauma - cerebral palsy - Hydrocephalus

Question 37

management of squint

Answer 37

Occlusive eye patch & referral to ophthalmologist for management plan

Question 38

condition where the cerebellum herniates downwards through the foramen magnum, blocking the outflow of CSF

Answer 38

Arnold-Chiari malformation

Question 39

signs of hydrocephalus

Answer 39

- bulging anterior fontanelle - poor feeding & vomiting - poor tone - sleepiness

Question 40

examination sign seen in muscular dystrophy

Answer 40

Gower's sign caused by proximal muscle weakness/weak muscles around pelvis