Neuro 3 Flashcards by Nathan Hansen

gray matter of spinal cord
ventral __ horn
dorsal __ horn

as we move rostral, __ matter inc

in lumbar/sacral region, the __ horn is larger to innvervate muscles of arm/leg

presence of __ horn indicates the thoracic spine
Intermediolateral columns made of __ pregang neurons

motor
sensory

white

ventral

lateral
symp

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__/__ fasciculus are present in the c spine

only __ fasciculus is present in lumbar spine

gracile/cuneate

gracile

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midline fusion of __ creates the neural tube in 3w

failure of neuropore to close leads to ___
anterior NTD leads to ___

posterior NTD leads to S__/M/M
meningomyelocele/meningocele present as cystic mass at __
covered w __/__

__ is protrusion of meninges
__ is protrusion of meninges/spinal cord

prevent w __ supplementation
prenatal __ use for BPD/epilepsy inc risk of NTD

neural folds

NTD
anencephaly

SB occulta, meningocele/meningomyelocele

lower spine
skin/hair

meningocele
meningomyelocele

Folate B9
valproate

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__ in preg inc risk of Ebstein anomaly

dopamine agonist
Ergots like B
nonergots like R/P
act to stimulate __

tx __

Ebstein

bromocriptine
ropinorole/pramiexole
DA receptor

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__ is MAOB inhib
dec central __ degedation
used for ___

__ enhances effects of dopamine
__ effects dec tremors

COMT inhibs like E/T
Dopa decarboxylase inhibs C
dec breakdown of __ peripherally, allowing it to cross ___

Anticholinergics T/B inhiit central muscarinic receptors
dec tremor

selegiline
DA
PD

amantadine
antichol

entacapone/tolcapone
carbidopa
LDOPA
BBB

trihexylphenidyl/benztropine

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HIV pt w medical non compliance/cog decline has ___ dementia
seen w low __
features of __ dementia
lost attention/working memory, executive fxn, slow info processing

inflammatory activation of __ cells
macros/microglial cells form __ nodules and giant cells
release __ to cause damage

HIV assc
CD4
subcorticl

microglial
microglial
cytokiens

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__ tangles are IC aggreagates of hyperphosphorylated tau

__ plaques are composed of B amyloid

amyloid angiopathy characterized by __ deposition in cerebral arteries

all found in __ dz

neurofibrillary

senile

B amyloid

alzheimers

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PTSD lasts longer than __ month
recurrent __/__

ASD is the same, just less thn __

posterior limb of IC carries corticospinal __ fibers and __ sensory fibrs

1m
nightmares/flashbacks

motor, somatic

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Beta endorphhin is endogenous opioid derived from __
therefore, it is closely related to __/__

IGF aka __ C
stimulates __ in target cells

POMC
ACTH, MSH

Somatomedin
growth

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progressive neuro sx w parasagittal tumor has __
typically affect __ in areas of dural reflection
may have HA/S other neuro sx

__ is located behind central sulcus, superior to __ sulcus

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe contains ___ cortex
damage results in contra _ loss
in nondominant hemisphere, can lead to contralatera __

this is the pareital assc corte

meningioma
adults
seizures

parietal lobe
lateral

somatosensory
sensory
hemineglect

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GB has __ symmetric muscle weakness
due to molecular __ to myelin
__ inflammatory infiltrate w lmyphs/macros and segmental __ is seen

look for hx of __ or __
CSF shows inc ___ w normal __ aka albuminocytolic dissociation due to breakdown of __

ascending
mimicry
endomysial
demyelination

diarrhea/URI
protein, cells
BBB

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__ is intracellular rod w narrow B hemolysis on blood agar
similar to __ strep
can be found on __ food

IC bacteria protected against A/C
listeria lyses vacuolar membrane via __ 0 a pore forming toxin
thus, __ immune response is necessary

__/__ particularly susceptible

Listeria
group b
refrigerated

antibodies/complement
listeriolysin
cell mediated

neonates/elderly

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S/M prevent fusion of phagosome and lysosome

Tb prevents phagolysosome __

L/S escape from phagosome into cytosol

salmonella, Tb

acidification

Listeria, shigella

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HyperTn, bradycardia, bradypnea is the __ triad
inc intracranial presssure involving __ love
space occupying lesion can have __ herniation of uncus

may compress CN __
may have loss of VO reflexes and __/_ posture

Cushing
temporal
transtentorial

3
cestibuloocular, decorticate/decerebrate

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downward displacement of brainstem via __ leads to abducens palsy

lesion to __ hypothalamus/SNS can lead to Horner Syndrome

__ herniation leads to flaccid paralysis w hyporeflexia w spasticity/hyperreflexia later

__ seen w lesion to pons/medulla/cerebellum

central herniaton

lateral

uncal

nystagmus

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N men includes __ capsule, lipooligosaccharide, and __ to permit attachment to respiratory mucosa + __ protease

conjugate vaccine is made from polysaccharide antigens and attached to __ protein

vaccine to outer membrane protein complex of bacteria seen in B/H

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polysacch, pili, IgA

diptheria toxin

borrelia, Hib

__ is short acting hypnotic
bind to __ and enhance inhibitory action of __ on CNS
used to tx __

low potential for __
no __ properties
no __ effects

T/E are benzo hypnotics
T is short acting benzo hyponotic w lots of dependence
F is long actng benzo for insomnia

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Zolpidem
GABA A, GABA
insomnia
addiction
muscle relaxant
anticonvulsant

temazopan, estrazolam
traizolam
flurazepam

pupillary dilator muscle of the eye posses __ receptors
contraction leads to __
such as w P

uterus has __ receptors, w stimulation leads to __
such as R/T

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A1
mydriasis
phenylephrine

B2, relaxation
ritodrine, terbutaline

Cholingeric agonists can dec HR, C__, and CO
can result in __TN

__ is cholinergic agonist used for postop ileus/atonic bladder

P__/C__ used to lower intraoculr pressure in glaucoma

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contractility
hypoTN

Bethanecol

pilocarpine/Carbachol

transmission of meningococci w exposure to ___

Pregang PNS neurons arise from CN __/__/_/__ and __ SC
release __ to affect pre/postgang receptos

pregang neurons of SNS arise from __ SC, release __ to postgang nicotinic receptors, which release __ to target ograns

chromaffin cells of __ release EPI/NE into circulation

Pre/postgang SNS neurons of __ are cholingergic

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resp droplets

3/7/9/10, sacral
Ach

TL, Ach
NE

sweat glands

buildup of VLCFA/BCFA is due to impaired oxidation by _
assc w __ syndrome or X__
accumulation in __ leads to permanent neuro dysfxn

_ abnorms, HM, neuro defects

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peroxisomes
Zellwegger, XLA

craniofacial

phrenic nerve palsy can lead to __ breath sounds on ipsi side and __ of hemidiaphragm

C1 only carries __ fibers

brachial plexus involvement of lung cancer can lead to pain in __/__/__ nerve roots

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dec
elevation

muscle

C8/T1/T2

inferior MI can lead to __
tx w anticholinegic __ to dec vagal influence on _/__ nodes,
leads to __ and potential for glaucoma

atropine dec formation of I__

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bradycardia
Atropine, SA/AV
mydriasis

iridiocyclitis

HSV encephalaitis causes rise in L/E
due to hemorrhagic inflammation of __ lobe

__ radiculopathy has pain/sensory loss over __ thigh, weakness to thigh __, numb over ___ foot
absent __ reflex

__/__ have pain down anterior thigh w weakness on hip flexion

__ radiculopathy has pain down anterior thigh to medial leg
weakness on knee __

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lymphs/erythrocytes
temporal

S1, posterior, extension, lateral, ankle

L2/L3

L4, extension

__ peroneal nerve gives off sensory branches to dorsum of foot/lateral shin __ peroneal nerve provides sensation bw 1/2 toes damage to peroneal nerve occurs at ___ __ syndrome occurs w inc pressure that compromises blood flow severe pin w __/__ loss

superficial deep fibular neck compartment weakness/sensory

lower trunk of brachial plexus contains nerve fibers of __/__ responsible for __ muscles of hand via _/_ nerves forms __ deformity _ nerv provides sensation to posterior arm/forearm/lateral hand motor innervation to __ muscles of upper limb damage can lead to ___

C8/T1 intrinsic median/ulnar total claw hand radial extensor wrist drop

tx for urea cycle disorders __ only need __ aa also P__ which provides alternative for nitrogen excretion V/hypoglycemia in pt w fruit/juice has __ deficiency aka __ dz limit __/__ lethargy, seizure, hypoketotic hypogly can lead to __ defic tx w __ restriction homocystinuria hs elevated __ w marfan presentation tx w __

protein restriction essential phenylacetate F1P aldolase B fructose/sucrose MCAD MCFA homocysteine VB6

__ transport into Mito is necessary for urea cycle major disposal of __ from catabolism of aa infant has positive babinksi due to incomplete __ of CS tracts

ornithine Nitrogen myelination

middle forearm receives sensory info from branch of __ of bracial plexus __ cutaneous nerve of forearm __ innervates flexors of forearm BB/B and C (flexes/abducts arm) provides sensory info to __ forearm derived from C_-_ of upper trunk in brachial plexus

medial cord median Musculocutaneous nerve BB, brachialias, corachobrachialis lateral C5-C7

Wilson dz due to AR mutation in __ gene toxic accumulation of copper in L/BG/C tx w __ to chelate __ is mcc of spontaneous lobar hemorrhage usually occurs in __/__ lobes

ATP7B liver, basal ganglia, cornea d penicillamine cerebral amyloid angiopathy occipital/parietal

paraneoplastic syndrome from SCLC can result in __ against tumor cells can cross react w __ cells such as degeneration of __ of cerebellum sx progressively worsening __, limb/truncal __, dysarthria/__ disturbances anti-__/__/__

autoimmune rxn normal perkinje neurons dizziness, ataxia, visual Yo, PQ, Hu

Early onset alzheimers mutations APP on chromo __ __ on chromo 14 __ on chromo 1 late onset alzheimers assc w __ genotype symmetrical enlargement of ventriculi is __ hydrocephalus secondary to dysfxn of __ result of __ infection or subarachnoid/intraventricular __ CSF path lateral ventricle- foramen on __- 3rd ventricl- cerebral __- 4th ventricle- formaina of L/M- subarachnoid space absorbed by __

21 presenilin 1 presenilin 2 apoE4 communicating arachnoid granulations, meningieal infection, hemorrhage monroe, aqueduct, Lsuchka/magendie subarachnoid granulation

noncommunicating hydrocephalus has ventriculi __ obstruction enlarged below are __ seen w aqueductal __, AC/DW malformations

above normal stensosi, arnold chiari, dandy walker

__ is AR caused by mutaton in __ gene codes for essential __ protein for formation of Fe-Sulfur enzymes inc number of __ repeats dec expression dec mito _ prodxn and inc __ stress SC/lateral CS degenration leads to __ w spastic muscle __ degeneration of dorsal column/root ganglia leads to loss of __/__ sense K and F abnormalities H__ of heart D __ presents similarly but w out hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Friedrich ataxia, FXN mito GAA energy, oxidative ``` gait ataxia, weakness vibration/position kyphoscoliosis/foot hypertrophic cardiomyopathy DM ``` CMT

loss of neurons in anterior horn can lead to P/A __ paralysis,atrophy, muscle __ red nucleus occurs __ hrs after insult look for __ later __ infiltrate, w __/__ later __ peroneal nerve damage can lead to foot drop __ peroneal nerve damage can lead to problems w foot eversion

poliomyelitis, ALS flaccid, fasciculations 12-24 eosinophilic staining PMN, macros/microglial deep superficial

__ intox can lead to miosis, bradycardia, hypoTN due to __ release dec __ sounds mydriasis, tachycardia, HTN seen in __ intox

opioid, histamine bowel cocaine

main factors for cerebral circulation __ BP and __ blood gases autoregulation keeps BP normal bw __-__ mmHG below/above leads to __/__ drop in CO2 leads to __ (hyperventiltion), this __ CBF

systemic, arterial 60-140 hypoperfusion, inc ICP VC, dec

processing amyloid protein via __ and gama pathway produces B amyloid can lead to formation of amyloid __ gene found on __ of Chromo 21 weaknes worse over course of day, extraocular weakness, dec contraction dx is ___ look for __ that appears as anterior mediastinal mass on imaging

beta plaques long arm MG thymoma

Guillan Barre syndrome has segmental demyelination via __ cells and __ formation

CD8 T, autoantibody

Neuro 3 Flashcards

(39 cards)