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NEURO Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

What does the prosencephalon develop into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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3
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon develop into?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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4
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

Midbrain

Cerebral aquaduct

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5
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into?

A

Cerebrum

Lateral ventricles

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6
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into?

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Third ventricle

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7
Q

What does the metencephalon develop into?

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Top 1/2 fourth ventricle

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8
Q

What does the myelencephalon develop into?

A

Medulla oblongata

Lower fourth ventricle

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9
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A 
Part of the enteric nervous system
In muscularis (in between longitudinal and circular layers), from lower esophagus to anus

Controls motility

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10
Q

Submucosal Plexus

A

Part of the enteric nervous system

In submucosal layer of the epithelium, from stomach to anus.
Acts on mucosal layer.

Controls secretions

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11
Q

Major enteric plexuses

A

Myenteric

Submucosal

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12
Q

Enteric sensory receptors

A

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

Two major classes of neurotransmitters

A

Small molecule NTs

Neuropeptides

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14
Q

Small Molecule Neurotransmitters

A

Include:

  1. ACh
  2. Biogenic amines
  3. Nitric oxide
  4. Carbon monoxide
  5. ATP and other purines
  6. Amino acids
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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Small molecule neurotransmitter

Can be excitatory or inhibitory

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16
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

Release ACh. They include:
All somatic motor neurons
All ANS preganglionic neurons
All parasymphathetic postganglionic neurons
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that synapse with sweat glands

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17
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A
  1. Nicotinic
    - ANS postsynaptic neurons
    - chromaffin cells
    - motor end plates
  2. Muscarinic
    - all parasympathetic effectors
    - sweat glands
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18
Q

Amino acids (as neurotransmitters)

A

Mostly CNS
Excitatory: Glutamate and aspartate
Inhibitory: GABA and glycine

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19
Q

Valium enhances the action of what NT?

A

GABA

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20
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

NTs made from decarboxylated amino acids

Include Catecholamines and Seratonin

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21
Q

Catecholamines

Study These Flashcards
A

Biogenic Amines synthesized from tyrosine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

22
Q

Dopamine

Study These Flashcards
A

Catecholamine (biogenic amine)

Involved in emotional responses, addiction, pleasure, regulation of skeletal muscle tone

23
Q

Seratonin

Study These Flashcards
A

5HT
Biogenic amine
Made by raphe nuclei

Sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood, appetite, sleep induction

24
Q

Viagra acts by enhancing the action of what NT?

25
Neuropeptides
NTs 30-40 amino acids linked by peptide bonds Excitatory and inhibitory Enkephalins Endorphins Dynorphins Substance P
26
C5 reflex
Biceps brachii
27
C6 reflex
Brachioradialis
28
C7 reflex
Triceps
29
C2 dermatome/myotome
Dermatome:Side of head Myotome(with c1): cervical flexion/extension
30
C3 dermatome/myotome
Derm: Side of neck Myo: cervical lateral flexion
31
C4 dermatome/myotome
Derm: Over shoulders Myotome: shoulder elevation
32
C5 dermatome/myotome
Derm: lateral biceps Myo: shoulder abduction
33
C6 dermatome/myotome
Derm: lateral forearm to thumb Myotome: elbow flexion, wrist extension
34
C7 dermatome/myotome
Derm: dorsal forearm to middle finger Myo: elbow extension wrist flexion
35
Adrenergic Receptors
Receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine. Alpha and Beta. Alpha1 and Beta1: excitatory Alpha2 and Beta2: inhibitory Beta3: brown adipose only (thermogenesis) NE acts more strongly on alpha receptors. Epinephrine acts on both.
36
Cervical Plexus
C1-5 Sensation to the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior chest and neck. Motor innervation of infrahyoid and geniohyoid muscles, diaphragm, preverterbral muscles.
37
Cervical Plexus: Superficial Branches
Sensory C2 lesser occipital C2-3 greater auricular C2-3 transverse cervical C3-4 supraclavicular
38
Lesser occipital nerve
Cervical plexus (superficial) C2 Sensory Skin of scalp posterior and anterior to ear
39
Greater auricular nerve
Cervical plexus (superficial) C2-3 Sensory Skin of scalp anterior, inferior and over ear; over parotid glands
40
Transverse cervical nerve
Cervical plexus (superficial) C2-3 Sensory Skin over lateral and anterior neck
41
Supraclavicular nerve
Cervical plexus (superficial) C3-4 Sensory Skin over superior chest, shoulders
42
Cervical Plexus: Deep branches
Mostly motor C1 Superior Ansa cervicalis C2-3 Inferior Ansa cervicalis C3-5 Phrenic C1-5 segmental
43
Superior ansa cervicalis
Cervical plexus (deep) C1 Motor infrahyoid and geniohyoid muscles
44
Inferior ansa cervicalis
Cervical plexus (deep) C2-3 Motor infrahyoid
45
Phrenic nerve
Cervical plexus (deep) C3-5 motor diaphragm
46
Parkinson's disease
Progressive degeneration of the substantial nigra --> decreased dopamine
47
Parkinson's Disease: Cardinal signs
``` Resting tremors Bradykinesia Festinating gate Tremors Rigidity Sound sensitivity Eventual loss of balance ```
48
"Pill rolling" is associated with what disorder?
Parkinson's disease
49
Multiple sclerosis
Progressive demyelination of nerves in the brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord.
50
Huntingtons Disease
Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative condition Degeneration of the putamen and caudate nucleus --> overexcitation of thalamocortical pathway Motor (chorea), psychiatric, and cognitive symptoms.
51
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Progressive motor neurone disease Degeneration and scarring of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebral cortex Muscle wasting and gliotic hardening Possible cortical involvement. UMN and LMN

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