Neuro Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
function of frontal lobe
A
higher thinking centres
2
Q
function of parietal lobe
A
sensation and 2 point discrimination
3
Q
function of occipital lobe
A
visual cortex
4
Q
function of temporal lobe
A
language
5
Q
what does central sulcus separate
A
frontal n parietal lobe
6
Q
what is sylvian fissure aka
A
lateral sulcus - seps temp lobe from frontal n parietal
7
Q
what does precentral gyrus have
A
primary motor cortex
8
Q
what is the name of the tough dura mater separating 2 hemispheres
A
falx cerebri
9
Q
what is tentorium cerebelli
A
tough dura mater separating occipital lobe n cerebellum
10
Q
what is a homonculus
A
somatotropin rep of body in motor n somatosensory cortex - size of area in cortex = degree of innervation to body part
11
Q
what do ventricles do
A
produce n transprort CSF
12
Q
what does CSF do
A
protects brain
provides stable chemistry env
13
Q
what are the ventricles lined by
A
ependymal cells that form choroid plexus - produces CSF
14
Q
where is CSF prod
A
choroid plexus in lateral, 3rd n 4th ventricles
15
Q
where does CSF flow from lateral ventricle to
A
3rd ventricle through interventricular foramen (aka foramen of Monro)
16
Q
what is the path of csf from lat ventricles
A
lat ventricles - foramen of monro (interventricular foramen) - 3rd ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - 4th ventricle - spinal canal n subarachnoid cistern
17
Q
what is corpus callosum
A
white matter
connects r n l hems
18
Q
what are the parts of the corpus callosum
A
rostrum
genu
body
splenium
19
Q
what are the 3 parts of brainstem (top to bottom)
A
midbrain
pons
medulla
20
Q
how many bones in the skull
A
6 1 frontal 2 parietal 2 temporal 1 occipital
21
Q
what do the diff sutures connect
A
coronal: frontal and parietal bones
sagittal: parietal and temporal bones
lambdoid: parietal and occipital bones
22
Q
what are the 3 layers of mater (outer to inner)
A
dura
arachnoid
pia
23
Q
which layer of mater transfers CSF from brain to blood stream
A
arachnoid / middle layer
24
Q
what is the blood brain barrier formed by
A
tight junctions btwn endothelial cells n astrocytic foot processes
25
what does the internal carotid artery branch into
opthalmic
posterior communicating
anterior and middle cerebral arteries
26
what does the vertebral artery come from
arises from subclavian
| converge to form basilar artery
27
list the 9 skull openings + their CN's
```
cribriform plate (1)
optic canal (2)
sup orbital fissure (3, 4, 6, V1)
foramen rotundum (V2)
foramen ovale (V3)
lacerum (internal carotid)
internal acoustic meatus (7, 8)
jugular formaen (9, 10, 11)
hypoglossal canal (12)
```
28
what does post cerebral artery supply
occipital lobe
29
what does middle cerebral artery supply
lateral region of brain (temp lobe)
30
what supplies medial region of brain (frontal n parietal lobe)
ant cerebral artery
31
what is a berry aneurysm
bulge in blood vessel at junction btwn cerebral arteries n COW
32
where does venous blood collect
btwn 2 layers of dura mater (sinuses)
33
which sinuses drain into transverse sinus
sup
inf sagittal
straight
34
what does transverse sinus drain into
internal jugular vein
35
what is inbtwn the path of the 3 sinuses --> int jugular vein
transverse sinus
36
what is diff btwn superficial n deep veins
superficial veins are not paired with an artery, unlike deep veins, which typically have an artery with the same name close by
37
where do the CN's arise from
DOESN'T ARISE FROM BRAINSTEM:
I (olfactory) [olfactory mucosa of upper nasal cavity]
II (optic) [optic disc]
ARISE FROM MIDBRAIN:
III (oculomotor)
IV (trochlear)
```
ARISE FROM PONS
V (trigemintal)
VI (abducens)
VII (facial)
VIII (vestibulocochlear)
```
```
ARISE FROM MEDULLA
IX (glossopharyngeal)
X (vagus)
XI (accessory)
XII (hypoglossal)
```
38
which CN's are parasympathetic
10 vagus
9 glossopharyngeal
7 facial
3 occulomotor
39
function of CN I (olfactory)
smell
40
function of cn ii (optic)
vision
41
function of cn iii (occulomotor)
innervates ALL eye muscles BUT lateral rectus (VI) n sup oblique (IV)
42
function of cn iv (trochlear)
innervates superior oblique
43
what are the 3 trigeminal CN V divisions
V1 - opthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
44
function of cn v1 (ophthalmic)
sensation above nose
45
function of cn v2 (maxillary)
sensation btwn nose n mouth
46
functions of cn v3 (mandibular)
sensory: sensation below mouth
motor: innervates muscles of mastication
47
function of cn vi (abducens)
motor: innervates lateral rectus (abduction of eyeball)
48
what are the 5 divisions of cn vii (facial)
```
temporal
zygomatic
buckle
mandibular
cervical
```
49
what are the functions of cn vii (facial)
motor: innervates muscles of facial expression
sensory: sense of taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue
PS: submandibular n sublingual glands
50
what are the functions of cn viii (vestibulocochlear)
(sensory)
cochlear nerve: auditory
vestibular nerve: balance
51
what are the functions of cn ix (glossopharyngeal)
sensory: for oropharynx, carotid bodies, taste for post 1/3 of tongue
motor: innervates stylopharyngeus
PS: parotid gland
52
what are the functions of cn x (vagus)
sensory: laryngophrynx
motor: innervates muscles of pharynx n larynx
PS: heart n GI tract
53
what is the function of cn xi (accessory)
innervates SCM and trapezius muscles
54
what is the function of cn xii (hypoglossal)
innervates intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
55
how many sacral and coccyx
5 fused sacral
| 4 fused coccyx
56
what is the vertebral body lined with
hyaline cartilage
57
what can the vertebra be divided into
vertebral body n arch
58
what does the vertebral arch have
pedicles
transverse processes
lamina
spinous processes
59
what is the site of muscle attachment on vertebra
spinous process
60
what are the atlas n axis
c1 (atlas) - no vertebral body/spinous process
| c2 (axis) peg extends superiorly, articulates w articular facet in c1 - allows head rotation independent of torso
61
LOOK AT PICS FOR THE DIFF VERTEBRAE!!!!!!!!!!!
ok
62
what are 3 sig features of cervical vertebra
1/ bifid/long spinous process
2. transverse framina
3. large foramen (for brainstem)
63
what are 3 sig features of thoracic vertebra
1. rounder body
2. long transfer process
3. smaller rounder foramen
64
what are 3 sig features of lumbar vertebra
1. largest
2. small foramen
3. transverse n spinous processes same size
65
what are IVD
intervertebral discs - fibrocartilaginous discs that act as a shock absorber for the spine
66
LOOK AT TEACHMEANATOMY IMAGE OF SPINAL LIGAMENTS
pls
67
what is the diff btwn white n grey matter
```
white = myelinated axons
grey = cell bodies
```
68
what are the 2 types of LTM
explicit (episodic vs semantic)
| implicit (learned movements in cerebellum)
69
what does the hippocampus do
consolidates STM into LTM
70
what does the amygdala concern
emotional memory
71
what memory does parietal lobe concern
ST verbal memory
72
what is in the structure of a neurone
cell body
axon
dendrites
73
what is a cell body
genetic n metabolic centre
74
what is an axon
conducting system of neurones, myelinated with nodes of Ranvier
75
what do dendrites do
create connections btwn neighbouring neurones
76
what are astrocytes
foot processes that maintain blood brain barrier
77
what do oligodendrocytes do
prod neuronal myelin sheth
78
what are ependymal cells
line ventrcles n prod CSF
79
what are microglia
resident macrophages of CNS
80
what are the 4 steps of NS release
1. action potential @ presynaptic membrane --> Ca release
2. Ca causes vesicles to fuse w synaptic membrane --> neurotransmitter release
3. neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane
4. neurotransmitter binding --> post synaptic Na channels open thus pst synaptic depolarisation
81
what are 2 types of neurotransmitters
central n peripheral
82
what are the 3 types of central neurotransmitters
excitatory eg glutamate
inhibitory eg GABA
modulatory eg dopamine
83
what are the 2 types of peripheral neurotransmitters
sympathetic eg NAd
| parasympathetic eg ACh
84
what is the resting potential of neurones
-70mV bc anions unable to leave
high intracellular K conc, high extracellular Na conc
Na/K pump: 3Na out - 2K in
85
what are the 7 steps of an action potential
1. impulse reaches axon - PARTIAL DEPOLARISATION
2. -60mV threshold reached - Na channels open
3. Na influx - DEPOLARISATION
4. +30mV threshold reached - Na channels close, K channels open
5. Efflux of K - REPOLARISATION
6. HYPERPOLARISATION - potential becomes more neg to prevent another impulse
7. Na/K pump returns to original conc
86
what is saltatory conduction
propagation occurs at nodes of Ranvier - faster conduction
87
what is spatial summation
impulses from multiple neurones = depolarisation
88
what is temporal summation
multiple impulses from 1 neurone causes depolarisation
89
what is the definition of pain
an unpleasant sensory n emotional exp associated w actual or perceived tissue damage
90
what is nociceptive pain
arises from damage or threatened non-neuronal tissue, associated w nociceptors
91
what is neuropathic pain
direct result of disease/lesion in somatosensory system
92
what is diff btwn anaesthesia and analgesia
```
anaesthesia = blocking all sensation
analgesia = just blocking pain
```
93
what are the 2 types of pain fibres
alpha delta fibres
| c fibres
94
what are alpha delta fibres
pain fibres
| -myelinated axons carry sharp pain
95
what are c fibres
pain fibres
| - unmyelinated axons carry dull pain
96
what are nociceptors
- sensory receptors - detect int and ext pain
| cell bodies found in dorsal root (lat spinothalamic)
97
what is the mechanism of pain (4)
1. noxious stimuli causes damaged cells to release substance P
2. nociceptors activated on alpha delta n c fibres, lowering threshold
3. AP generated in pain fibres - synapse in substantia gelatinosa
4. 2nd order neurones - lat spinothalamic tract - thalamus
98
what is the gate control theory
non painful sensory input overpowers painful input
99
what are the areas of brain for pain
somatosensory cortex - sensation
insular cortex - subjective pain sensation
amygdala - emotional dimension of pain
100
what do opioids do (3)
1. inhibit nociceptive impulses from reaching thalamus
2. inhibits presynaptic Ca movemet
3. K release hyperpolarises membrane
101
what are the 3 steps of neuromuscular transmission
1. ACh released from presynaptic terminal n diffuses towards muscle
2. ACh bind to nicotinic receptors on sarcolemma
3. Depolarisation of sarcolemma causes Ca ions to be released by sarcoplasmic reticulum
102
what is the motor end plate
connection btwn synapse n muscle fibre
103
motor unit
- single alpha motor neurone n all the muscle fibres it innervates
- depolarisation of motor neurone = contraction of all muscle fibres
- muscle fibres spread throughout muscle - more even contraction
104
how does skeletal muscle get to myofibril
skeletal muscle
muscle fasciuli
muscle fibre
myofibril
105
describe muscle spindles
- intrafusal fibres innervated by gamma motor neurones
- detect muscle stretch regardless of current length
- gamma motor neurones prevent spindle going slack during muscle contraction - optimum stretch detection
106
describe Golgi tendon organs
- collagen fibres in tendon innervated by afferent fibres
- detect degree of stretch exerted by motor units
- tension exerted - collagen straightened - nerve endings disrupted
107
what is the stretch reflex (3)
1. patellar tendon pushed down - quadricep stretched
2. muscle spindle detects stretch in muscle - activates afferent fibres
3. afferent fibres stimulate alpha motor neurones - quadricep contracts
108
what is the withdrawal reflex (3)
1. painful stimulation on skin activates nociceptors
2. activates flexor n inhibits extensor on ipsilateral leg
3. body moves away from noxious stimuli
109
what does an UMN issue result in
weakness
altere muscle tone
fast twitching
110
what does LMN issue result in
paralysis and decreased muscle tone
111
what is the fibrous layer around the eye
sclera
112
what is the attachment for ocular muscles
sclera
113
what is the transparent layer over iris that refract slight
cornea
114
what is the size of the pupil controlled by
circular n radial muscles
115
what is the gel that fills up the inside of the eye
virtuous humour
116
where do nasal fibres decussate
optic chasm, lateral fibres remain ipsilateral
117
what do retinal ganglion cells go to?
optic nerve - optic canal - opticchiasm
118
how does the optic tract get to the visual cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
119
what is a bitemporal hemianopia
pituitary tumour presses on optic chasm
| nasal fibres that decussate are affected - peripheral vision loss
120
LEARN OCCULAR MUSCLES
:)
121
what does the tympanic membrane vibrate at the same frequency as
sound
122
what does the middle ear consist of
3 bones that transfer vibration (malleus, incus, stapes)
123
what contracts to prevent damage to bones
tensor tympani n stapedius
124
what does the inner ear consist of
formed of cochlea nd semi-circular canal
125
what does the organ of crate have
- hair cells - mechanoreceptors with protruding stereocilia
- 1 row of inner hair cells n 3 rows of outer hair cells
- inner hair cell protrude into endolymph, outer cells embedded in tectorial membrane - both respond to vibration
126
what are the 5 steps of auditory transduction
1. pressure waves displace basement membrane - stereo cilia bends
2. potassium channels open - K influx - depolarisation
3. calcium channels open on basement membrane --> stimulates glutamate release
4. cochlear branch of CN VIII stimulated - superior olivary body
5. inferior colliculus --> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) --> auditory cortex
127
what is the diff btwn outer, middle n inner ear
outer ear - helps collect sound
middle ear - for sound transmission
inner ear - conversion of sound into neural impulses
128
what does the shape of the pinna do
helps to amplify and direct sound
129
what are semi-circular canals
filled w endolymph
| cupula has embedded stereocilia
130
how does head rotation work
1. semi-circular canal moves (endolymph doesn't)
2. moving cupola pushes against stationary endolymph n distorts
3. stereocilia bend --> mechanical ion channels open
4. glutamate released --> vestibular nerve stimulated
131
name 6 components of the limbic system
```
basal ganglia
amygdala
hypothalamus
thalamus
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
```
132
what is basal ganglia implicated in
control of movement
133
what is amygdala implicated in
emotion
134
what is the thalamus
neural relay station
135
what does the hypothalamus do
auto regulates body
136
what is hippocampus involved in
LTM
137
what is cingulate gyrus involved in
emotion n learning
138
LEARN DIAGRAM OF....
BASAL GANGLIA
139
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior
posterior
floculonodular
140
what are the 2 inputs to the cerebellum
mossy fibres
| climbing fibres
141
what do mossy fibres do
enter from middle peduncle (connects pons. cerebellum)
| innervates granular cells
142
what do climbing fibres do
enter from inf peduncle
| innervates single purkinje cell
143
what is the output of the cerebellum
purkinje fibres
- cell axons travel to dentate nucleus
- main connection btwn cerebellum n rest of brain
144
what are the 2 layers of the dura mater (outer to inner)
periosteal (superficial)
| meningeal (deep)
145
where are the sinuses of the brain located
btwn periosteal and meningeal layer
146
what are 2 sinuses that receive venous blood from brain and meninges (along midline) - lie in falx cerebri
superior sagittal sinus
| inferior sagittal sinus
147
what are the 3 auditory ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
148
where does the stapes project vibrations from
eardrum [tympanic membrane] oval window, connecting to the labyrinth
149
what is the labyrinth made of
semi circular canal
vestibule
cochlea
- important for balance
150
what is the external ear
pinna to eardrum
151
what is the middle ear
3 bones
152
what is the inner ear
cochlea and nerves
153
what vibrates as sound enters
tympanic membrane
154
where is there fluid in the ear
in the cochlea
155
how are the 3 ear compartments diff?
external/middle = only involved in hearing
inner = hearing AND maintaining equilibrium
156
what is the Pinna aka
auricle
157
what is the pinna made up of
elastic cartilage covered in skin
158
what is the external acoustic meatus aka
auditory canal
159
what is the boundary btwn the external and middle ear
tympanic membrane
160
what is the middle ear aka
tympanic cavity
161
what do the 3 auditor ossicles transmit sound to
oval window
162
what are the 2 parts of labryinth
bony and membranous
163
what are the 3 chambers of the cochlea
- scala vestibuli
- scala media
- scala tympani
164
what is the organ of corti
receptor organ for hearing, located in the cochlea
165
what does the organ of corti have
hair cells, when triggered - opens mechanically gated sodium channels.. generates graded potentials then action potentials etc etc
166
what controls balance
vestibular apparatus
167
what is the fluid of the vestibular apparatus controlled by
movement of head
168
which planes do the semi circular canals lie in
there's 3
1. sagittal
2. frontal
3. transverse
169
what do the semicircular canals detect
diff types of head rotation
170
are sensory fibres in the spinal cord dorsal or ventral
dorsal (back)
171
are motor fibres in the spinal cord dorsal or ventral
ventral (front)
172
which CN's arise from the cerebrum
1 and 2
173
which CN's arise from the midbrain
3 and 4
174
which CN's arise from the pons
5, 6, 7, 8
175
which CN's arise from the medulla
9, 10, 11, 12
