Neuro

Question 1

When does neurulation happen?

Answer 1

About 16d

Question 2

Which is the most vital stage of development for neural major malformations?

Answer 2

Embryonic stage

Question 3

How is the pear shape made?

Answer 3

Cell widening and lengthening

Question 4

Which cells sit at the edge of the neural plate?

Answer 4

Neural crest cells

Question 5

What helps the cells to widen?

Answer 5

Cytoskeleton

Question 6

What happens to the neural plate?

Answer 6

Folds inwards

Question 7

What are the two hinge points made when the neural plate folds inwards called?

Answer 7

Medial
And
Dorsolateral

Question 8

What is delamination?

Answer 8

The folded neural plate detaches from the epithelial top layer

Question 9

What is BMP involved in?

Answer 9

Hinge formation

Question 10

What does noggin do?

Answer 10

It inhibits BMP

Question 11

What is needed for full and complete closure and delamination of neural tube?

Answer 11

A balance of BMP and noggin

Question 12

What is secondary neurulation?

Answer 12

Formation of a posterior neural tube

Question 13

What makes the neural tube be able to delamination and close?

Answer 13

Changes in cell adhesion properties

Question 14

What is spina bifida?

Answer 14

Failure of closure of neural tube on back

Question 15

What is anencephaly?

Answer 15

Failure of closure of neural tube on brain

Question 16

How can you avoid anencephaly and spina bifida?

Answer 16

Taking folate before and during pregnancy

Question 17

What are neural crest cells?

Answer 17

They form from neural epithelium and sit on top of neural tube
They derive to form lots of different structures depending on where they are positioned

Question 18

What is present in the roof plate of neural tube?

Answer 18

BMP

Question 19

What is present in the floor plate of the neural tube?

Answer 19

SHH

Question 20

When does the brain split into regions?

Answer 20

7 weeks

Question 21

How does retinoids acid affect development?

Answer 21

Affects cell growth and differentiation

Question 22

Which factors affect neural patterning?

Answer 22

FGF

GDF

Question 23

What are neuroblasts?

Answer 23

They migrate and differentiate

Formed from neuroepithelial cells in lumen of the neural tube

Question 24

How is the brain built?

Answer 24

Inside out

The cells migrate outwards to form layers

Question 25

What is the ventricular zone?

Answer 25

Generative | Differentiation of cells

Question 26

What is the mantle zone?

Answer 26

Neuroblasts and neural crest cells | Form grey matter

Question 27

What is the marginal zone?

Answer 27

White matter | Myelination of axons

Question 28

What is elimination?

Answer 28

Brain formed with many more neural connections than needed, it matures and eliminates those that aren’t used

Question 29

Which brain lobe is the last to develop?

Answer 29

Frontal (reasoning)

Question 30

Which two areas in the brain have the ability to repair after brain maturation?

Answer 30

``` Ventricular-subventricular zone (smell) Subgranular zone (memory) ```

Question 31

What activates stem cells?

Answer 31

Injury, inflammation, exercise

Question 32

What is a symptom of Parkinson’s that occurs early?

Answer 32

Loss of smell

Question 33

What are B cells?

Answer 33

Stem cells

Question 34

What reduces B cells with age and thus reduces ability to repair?

Answer 34

GDF11