Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 5 > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

what PMHx may suggest ischaemic stroke?

A

AF
previous TIA
carotid bruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
hemiparesis
hemiplegia
reflexes reduced
hemianopia
aphasia (if dominant hemisphere affected)
ask about L/R handedness
A

cerebral hemisphere stroke- middle cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

eye problems predominant

A

posterior circulation infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

LOC, locked in syndrome

diplopia, nystagmis

A

brain stem ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stroke- localised symptoms, pure motor/ sensory / ataxia, intact cognition + consciousness

A

lacunar infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

suggestive of haemorrhagic stroke

A

bleed tendency/ anticoagulation
worsening symptoms
reduced GCS
severe headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

time limit for alteplase following ischaemic stroke

A

4.5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ABCD2

A

TIA- indicates risk of further stroke
Age >60
BP >140/90
Clinical features- unilateral weakness (2)/ speech only (1)
Duration >60
DM
if 4+ start aspirin 300mg and specialist review in 24hours, if less then still 300mg and review in 1 week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ROSIER score

A

acutely to distinguish between stroke and stroke mimics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the most common cause of stroke

A

ischaemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

amaurosis fugax

A

sudden loss of vision in one eye- curtain, caused by infarct in retinal artery/ anterior TIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

prognosis after TIA

A

30% will have stroke, 15% MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what level of carotid artery stenosis would require endarterectomy

A

> 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stroke- weak leg +/- shoulder on contralateral side

A

anterior cerebral artery infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

long term secondary stroke prevention

A

aspirin 75mg OD, clopidogrel if can’t tolerate aspirin
dipyridamole if confirmed ischaemic
warfarin if AF
RFs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 most common pathogens causing meningitis infants

A

neisseria meningitidis
strep pneumoniae
Hib- Hib < common in older/ adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gram negative coccobaccilus meningitis

A

Hib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gram negative cocci meningitis

A

neisseria meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gram positive cocci meningitis

A

strep pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Kernig’s sign

A

flex the hip, with the knee flexed. Now extend the knee. Positive test if there is spasm of the hamstrings.
meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Brudzinski sign

A

passively flex the neck. Positive test if there is flexion of the hip and/or knee.
meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

signs of raised ICP

A

reduced GCS
papilloedema
high BP/ low HR
focal neuro signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

non-infective causes of meningism

A

leukaemia
lymphoma
Breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which is the most common cause of meningitis

A

viral (2/3)

echovirus/ mumps/ EBV, VZV, HSV/ influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bacterial meningitis tx
3rd generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime) | treat household contacts with rifampicin
26
2 causes of subarachnoid haemorrhage
aneurysm rupture AV malformations (trauma)
27
diseases that increase risk of berry aneurysms
PCKD, co-arctation of aorta, Ehlers-Danlos
28
pathology of brain injury in SAH
haemorrhage stops -> vasospasm-> secondary ischaemia, secondary acute hydrocephalus
29
if suspect SAH but CT -ve what is next investigation?
LP
30
what can help to prevent secondary ischaemia in SAH
nimodipine
31
1st line in status epilepticus
4mg lorazepam IV, repeat after 10 mins. if no response ?add phenobarbitone (must have ECG) buccal midazolam if no IV
32
CN I
olfactory
33
CN II
optic
34
CN III
oculomotor: motor- SR/ MR/ IR/ IO/ Levator palpabrae | parasympathetic- ciliary muscle/ pupil constriction
35
CN IV
trochlear- SO
36
CN V
trigeminal- sensory | motor- muscles of mastication
37
CN VI
abducens- motor to LR
38
CN VII
facial motor to muscles of expression, sensory to ant 2/3 tongue parasympathetic to salivary and lacrimal glands
39
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear sensory
40
CN IX
``` glossopharyngeal- sensory to middle ear, sinuses, posterior 1/3 tongue and pharynx motor styropharyngeous (swallow) parasympathetic- salivary glands ```
41
CN X
vagus sensory- pharynx/ larynx/ oesophagus, aortic bodies, thoracic/ abdo viscera motor- soft palate- speech and swallow parasympathetic - CV/ GI/ resp
42
CN XI
accessory motor to sternomastoid and trapezius
43
CN XII
hypoglossal | motor to tongue
44
fixed dilated pupil and ptosis
CN III injury
45
injury to CN IV causes
down and in deviation
46
injury to CN VI
eye deviated medially
47
unilateral face weakness | unable to show teeth, screw eye and raise eyebrow on affected side
Bell's palsy- ?viral induced facial nerve palsy
48
how would you distinguish between UMN and LMN lesion in suspected Bell's palsy?
UMN forehead spared- stroke | LMN Bells palsy
49
treatment of Bell's palsy
self resolve, steroids most effective in first 72 hours
50
assymetrical raising of uvula?
CN X
51
deviation of tongue
CN XII
52
Mnemonic for peripheral nerve lesions
``` DAVID DM Alcoholism Vit deficiency (B12) Infective/ Inherited- GBS/ Charcot Marie Tooth Drugs- isoniazid ```
53
mechanisms of peripheral nerve degenaration
``` demyelination- GBS axonal degeneration- toxic wallerian degeneration- axon crushed/ cut compression- carpal tunnel syndrome infarction- DM infiltration- malignancy, inflammation ```
54
compression of which nerve causes carpal tunnel
median by flexor retinaculum
55
signs of median nerve compression
wasting of thenar eminence paraesthesia of lateral 3.5 fingers pain/ tingling in lateral 3 fingers
56
phalen's test
hold wrist in flexed position for up to 2 mins, exaggerates symptoms of carpal tunnel
57
Tinel's test
Tap over medial aspect of inside wrist induces tingling
58
management of carpal tunnel
``` splint + NSAIDs hydrocortisone injection (1 month) surgical decompression ```
59
clearly defined history of trauma- subdural or extradural
extradural
60
where does bleeding come from in subdural
bridging veins
61
crescent of blood on CT head
subdural
62
how is ICP relieved in subdural/ exrtadural haemorrhage
Irrigation / evacuation / Burr hole craniostomy/ craniotomy
63
where does bleeding come from in extradural
middle meningeal artery/ vein
64
lemon shaped blood not crossing suture lines on CT head
extradural
65
appearance of symptoms in subdural vs extradural
subdural- symptoms fluctuate over time | exradural lucid period up to 24 hours then progressive worsening
66
which cells are damaged in MS
oligodendrocytes
67
MS- Mostly UMN/ LMN signs
UMN- optic nuritis, afferent pupillary defect, sensory (numbness/ paraesthesia)/ autonomic (urinary incontinence, constipation, sexual dysfunction), cerebellar ataxia, fatigue
68
end-stage MS
spastic ataxia brainstem signs dementia
69
dx of MS
1+ Attack | plaques on MRI
70
Management of acute MS
steroids methylprednisolone to induce remission
71
preventing relapse in MS
B interferon
72
Lehrmitte's sign
on voluntary flexing of the head, there is an electric shock sensation travelling down the spine and into the limbs- MS
73
Uthoff’s phenomenon
signs worse on hot day or after exercise- MS
74
urinary incontinence in MS
when residual volume is >100ml, manage with oxybutinin, or self-catheterisation

Year 5 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions