Neuro Flashcards
(34 cards)
2 types of intervertebral
- name
- what happens
- type of degen
- progression timeline
1) Extrusion
- chondroid degeneration of nuccleus pulposus –> NP protrudes into spinal cord
- Hansen type 1
- acute
2) Protrusion
- collagen of annulus fibrosus lose strength –> pushes on spinal cord
- hansen type II
- chronic
IVDH extrusion
- breed
- age
- location
- signs
- dx
- tx
- prognosis
- chondrodystrophic breeds, esp Dacshund
- 3-6yo
- T11-L3 or cervical
- signs depend on location, acute onset
- spinal rads , myelogram, CT, MRI
- conservative tx: cage rest, NSAID, opiods
- sx: hemilaminectomy or pediculectomy if thoraco-lumbar, ventral slot if cervical
- good if deep pain present
Indication for emergency surgery in IVDH extrusion
- absent deep pain
- quick deterioration
- tetraplegia, non-ambulatory
Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy
- pathophys
- breed
- presentation
- dx
- tx
- emobli of nucleus pulposus –> spinal cord ischemia
- non-chondrodystrophic large breed, min schnauzer
- acute, non-progressive, asymmetrical, non-painful
- MRI, rule out others
- supportive, physio
Spinal cord trauma
- primary vs secondary
- tx
- primary = damage to spinal cord directly vs secondary = damage from decr perfusion
- tx for primary: sx decompression, stabilize
- tx for secondary: maintain perfusion
IVDH protrusion type
- presentation
- breed
- age
- dx
- tx
- chronic/slow dev
- non-chondrodystrophic large breed
- > 5yo
- myelogram, CT, MRI
- conservative tx: rest, steroids
- sx: low success
Atlantoaxial sublux
- what
- causes
- sign/presentaiton
- dx
- tx
- instability btw C1-C2
- congenital (small breed <1yo) or acquired (e.g. trauma)
- chronic or acute, neck pain, +/-dyspnea
- xray*, myelogram, CT, MRI
- conservative tx: splint next
- sx: pin to stablize
Degenerative myelopathy
- cause
- location
- breed, age
- presentation
- dx
- tx
- prognosis
- genetic
- T3-L3, white matter
- Large breed >5yo
- chronic, progressive, no pain
- genetic test, histo
- support, physio
- poor
Caudal cervical spondylomyolopathy (aka wobbler’s syndrome)
- what
- 2 forms, who’s predisposed to each, eg?
- location
- dx
- tx
- prognosis
- cervical stenosis from vertebral malformation/misarticulation
- i) Disc-associated: large breed, middle age, IVD
- ii) Osseous-assocuated: giant breed, <3yo, DJD
- C6-T2 > C1-C5
- myelogram, CT, MRI
- conservative tx: rest, physio, anti-inflamm
- sx: ventral slot for disc-assoc., dorsal laminectomy for osseous-assoc.
- good but can reoccur
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis
- what
- signalment
- sign
- dx
- tx
- prognosis
- compression of cauda eq. due to degeneration
- large breed, middle age or older, male
- lumbosacral pain, hind weakness, urinary issues, tail paralysis
- MRI
- conservative tx: anti-inflammatory. rest
- sx: dorsal laminectomy
- good but poor if incontinent
Ddx peripheral nerve dz vs neuromuscular junction dz vs muscle dz
- peripheral n.: no reflexes, neurogenic m. atrophy
- NMJ: normal reflexes
- m.: normal reflexes, severe m. atrophy
Brachial plexus avulsoin
- cause
- spinal cord seg
- potential concurrent signs
- tx
- prognosis predictor
- trauma, neoplasia
- C6-T2
- horner’s, absent cutaneous trunci ipsilat
- support, amputation
- deep pain present
Causes of polyneuropathies
- acute
- chronic
- coonhound paralysis
- endocrine (hypothyroid, DM), paraneoplastic (insulinoma)
Acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis
- pathophys
- dz progression
- tx
- immune mediated
- progressive –> stable –> slow recovery
- support, physio,
Myasthenia gravis
- what
- cause
- dx
- tx
- prognosis
- no ACh transmission
- congenital, autoimmune, thymoma
- AchR antibody conc, edrophonium test, xray
- anti-AchE (pyridostigme, neostigme), support
- guarded
See clin med for neuro exam stuff
:)
Encephalitis
- causes
- dx
- tx
- infection, immune mediated (dogs)
- histo
- immunosuppression (eg steroids)
2 types of necrotizing encephalitis and their ddx
- dx
1) necrotizing ME: affects white and grey matter
2) necrotizing leukoencephalitis: affects brain stem and cerebral white matter
- MRI, CSF, rule out other causes
Otitis media/interna
- just a card to remind you this exists XD
hi
Idiopathic vestibular dz
- signalment
- geriatric dogs, all age cats
Bilat vestibular syndrome signs
- no head tilt
- no nystagmus
- wide-base stance
- wide side-to-side head mvmt
Paradoxical vestibular dx
- what
- signs
- loss of inhibitiion from cerebellum
- head tilt contralat to lesion, proprioceptive deficit ipsilat to lesion
Seizure stages
- prodromal: before seizure where changes in sensory
- aura: signs of seizure at start
- ictus: seizure
- post-ictus
Causes of epilepsy
- genetic
- structural: ie some other dz causing it
- idiopathic
