Neuro Flashcards by Marc N

Ring Enhancing Lesions

“MAGIC DR”

Mets
Abscess
GBM
Infarct (late subacute)
Contusion
Demyelination (incomplete ring)
Radiation necrosis

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Lesions w/ Diffusion Restriction

1) Acute Stroke
2) Abscess
3) Epidermoid cyst
4) Active demyelination
5) Highly cellular neoplasms
- Lymphoma
- Medulloblastoma
- ATRT
6) Status epilepticus
7) Herpes encephalitis
8) CJD

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Multiple Brain Masses

1) Mets
2) 1ry tumors
- Multifocal GBM
- Lymphoma
- Gliomatosis cerebri
3) Seeding from 1ry tumor
- Medulloblastoma
- GBM
- Oligodendroglioma
- Ependymoma
4) Abscesses
5) Syndromes

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Lesions Crossing Corpus Callosum

1) GBM
2) Lymphoma
3) Demyelinating disease
4) PML
5) Radiation Necrosis

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Posterior Fossa Mass (Child)

1) Medulloblastoma
2) Ependymoma
3) Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma
4) Atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor
5) Pontine glioma

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Posterior Fossa Mass (Adult)

1) Met
2) Ependymoma
3) Hemangioblastoma (VHL)
4) Pilocytic astrocytoma
5) Medulloblastoma

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Extra-Axial Mass

1) Arachnoid cyst
2) Meningioma
3) Subdural/Epidural collection
4) Hemangiopericytoma
5) Met (breast most common)
6) Sarcoid, TB
7) Epidermoid cyst
8) Bone lesion w/ intracranial extension

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CPA Mass

1) Meningioma
2) Dermoid
3) Epidermoid cyst
4) Arachnoid cyst
5) Vestibular schwannoma
6) Aneurysm
7) Glomus jugulare

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Suprasellar Mass

1) Pituitary adenoma
2) Rathke’s cleft cyst
3) Craniopharyngioma
4) Meningioma
5) Germinoma
6) Dermoid
7) Hypothalamic hamartoma
8) Chiasmatic/Hypothalamic glioma
9) Lymphoma
10) Arachnoid cyst
11) Aneurysm

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Pituitary Apoplexy

1) Pregnancy (Sheehan’s syndrome)
2) Bromocriptine RX
3) XRT
4) Pituitary adenoma
5) Anticoagulation
6) LP

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Infundibular Mass

1) Sarcoid
2) Met
3) Germinoma
4) LCH
5) Lymphoma
6) Glioma

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Cavernous Sinus Mass

1) Meningioma
2) Pituitary adenoma
3) Schwannoma
4) Aneurysm
5) Carotid-cavernous fistula
6) Cavernous sinus thrombosis
7) Lymphoma
8) Sarcoid
9) Extension from bone tumors
- Met/Myeloma
- Chordoma
- Chondrosarcoma

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Cavernous Sinus Mass (Bilateral)

1) Mets
2) Meningioma
3) Macroadenoma
4) Lymphoma

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T2 Dark Tumors

1) Highly Cellular
- Lymphoma
- Medulloblastoma
- Germinoma
2) Mucinous
- GI adenocarcinoma mets

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T1 Bright Tumors

1) Melanoma mets
2) Fat containing tumors
- Dermoid
- Teratoma
3) Hemorrhagic Mets
- RCC
- Thyroid
- Choriocarcinoma
- Melanoma
4) Cholesterol
- Colloid cyst

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Cortical Tumor

1) PXA
2) DNET/MVNT
3) Oligodendroglioma
4) Ganglioglioma

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Intraventricular Tumor

1) Ependymoma
2) Medulloblastoma
3) Subependymoma
4) Central neurocytoma
5) SEGA
6) PNET
7) Colloid cyst
8) Mets (lung, RCC)
9) Choroid plexus papilloma/carcinoma
10) Meningioma

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Infratentorial Tumor (Peds)

1) Medulloblastoma
2) Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma
3) Ependymoma
4) Hemangioblastoma
5) ATRT
6) Diffuse pontine glioma

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Infratentorial Tumor (Adults)

1) Met
2) Hemangioblastoma
3) Astrocytoma

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Supratentorial Tumor (Adult)

1) Mets (most common)
2) Astrocytoma
- Pilocytic
- Low grade diffuse
- Anaplastic
- GBM
3) Gliomatosis cerebri
4) Lymphoma
5) Oligodendroglioma

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Supratentorial Tumor (Peds)

1) PXA
2) DNET
3) Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma
4) Mets (neuroblastoma)

Calvarial Tumors

Benign

Osteoma
Epidermoid cyst
Dermoid
FD
Paget’s
Hemangioma
LCH
Intraosseous meningioma

Malignant

Mets
Myeloma
Chordoma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma

Skull Base Tumors

1) Ecchordosis physaliphora
2) Chordoma
3) Chondroblastoma
4) Mets
5) Myeloma
6) Meningioma

Dural Tumor

1) Meningioma
2) Met (breast)
3) Sarcoid
4) Hemangiopericytoma

Tumors w/ CSF Seeding/Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis

1) GBM 2) Oligodendroglioma 3) Ependymoma 4) Mets (breast, lung) 5) Germinoma 6) PNET

Periventricular Enhancement

1) Infection (CMV) 2) Neoplastic (lymphoma, glioma) 3) Inflammatory (MS, NMO)

Infarct (Young Adult)

1) Dissection 2) Drug abuse 3) Vasculitis 4) FMD 5) Basilar meningitis (bacterial, TB, fungal) 6) Moyamoya 7) MELAS 8) CADASIL

Gyriform Cortical Enhancement

1) Subacture stroke 2) Status epilepticus/Post-ictal 3) HSV 4) Cerebritis 5) MELAS 6) PRES 7) Hypoglycemia

Gyriform Diffusion Restrition

1) Subacute stroke 2) Seizure 3) MELAS 4) HSV 5) CJD 6) HIE

Subarachnoid FLAIR Hyperintensity

1) SAH 2) Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis 3) O2 Rx 4) Meningitis 5) Prominent vessels (e.g. moyamoya, Sturge-Webber) 6) Delayed Gad clearance (e.g. renal dysfunction)

Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis

1) Factor V Leiden 2) Protein C/S deficiency 3) Nephrotic syndrome 4) Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 5) Pregnancy 6) Malignancy 7) OCP use 8) Dehydration 9) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 10) Sepsis

Conditions Associated w/ Cerebral Aneurysms

1) AVM 2) ADPKD 3) FMD 4) NF1 5) Marfan's 6) Collagen vascular dz (Ehlers-Danlos)

Aneurysm in Unusual Location

1) Mycotic 2) Vasculitis 3) AVM 4) Post-traumatic

Multifocal WM Disease

1) Vascular - Microangiopathic dz - CADASIL - CNS vasculitis 2) Infectious/Inflammatory - MS - NMO - ADEM - HIV encephalitis - PML 3) Toxic/Metabolic - CO - HIE - Methanol - Osmotic demyelination - Vit B12 deficiency - Post-XRT/Chemo - Drugs

Bilateral Thalamic Edema

1) Deep Cerebral Vein Infarction 2) Artery of Percheron Infarct 3) Basilar Tip Infarct 4) Bilateral Gliomas 5) Infection

Toxic-Metabolic (BG and/or Thalami)

1) T2/FLAIR Hyperintensity - CO poisoning - Methanol posioning - Wernicke's encephalopathy - Uremic encephalopathy 2) T2/FLAIR Hypointensity - Toluene use - Parathyroid d/o 3) T1 Hyperintensity - Chronic hepatic encephalopathy - Diabetic striatopathy - Parathyroid d/o

Toxic-Metabolic (Dentate Nuclei)

1) Metronidazole toxicity | 2) Methyl bromide toxicity

Toxic-Metabolic (Prominent Cortical)

1) Hypoglycemia 2) Acute hepatic encephalopathy 3) Hyperammonemic encephalopathy

Toxic-Metabolic (Symmetric Periventricular WM)

1) Heroin toxicity 2) Methotrexate/Chemo Toxicity 3) CO poisoning 4) Uremic encephalopathy 5) Acute hepatic encephalopathy

Toxic-Metabolic (Corticospinal Tracts)

1) B12 deficiency | 2) Chronic hepatic encephalopathy

Toxic-Metabolic (Corpus Callosum)

1) Machiafava-Bignami disease | 2) Reversible spinal lesion

Toxic-Metabolic (Asymmetric WM Involvement)

1) Chemo toxicity | 2) Levasimole induced leukoencephalopathy

Toxic-Metabolic (PArieto-Occipital)

1) PRES

Toxic-Metabolic (Symmetric Pontine)

1) Osmotic demyelination

Stroke in Young Adults

1) Cardioembolic (most common) 2) Dissection (Carotid/Vertebral) 3) Vasculitis 4) Venous Thrombosis 5) RCVS 6) Carotid Web

Basal Ganglia Lesion

``` Bilateral Symmetric - Methanol poisoning (putamen) - CO poisoning (globus pallidus) Bilateral Asymmetric - Infection Unilateral - AStrocytoma HTN bleed ```

Corpus Callosum Lesion

1) Enlarged/Expanded - Astrocytoma - Lymphoma - Lipoma (midline) 2) Demyelinating Disease - MS - Machiafava-Bignami - PML 3) Patchy Periventricular - HTN changes - Toxo 4) Uniformly Periventricular - Hydrostatic edema

GM Disease

1) Alzheimer's 2) Pick's dz 3) Vascular dementia 4) Parkinson's 5) Lysosomal storage d/o

Basal Ganglia Disease

1) Huntington's 2) Wilson's 3) Fahr's 5) Leigh

DDx Dural Tail Lesion

1) Meningioma 2) TB 3) Sarcoid 4) Dural met 5) Lymphoma 6) Schwannoma 7) Hemangiopericytoma