Neuro anatomy

Question 1

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 1

Bodies info relay station
All info (except smell) is processed here before being sent to the cerebral cortex

Question 2

What is the internal capsule?

Answer 2

Two way tract for transmission of information to and from the cerebral cortex

Question 3

Where does sensory info from below T6 synapse first?

Answer 3

Fasiculus gracillis

Question 4

Where does sensory info from above T6 synapse first?

Answer 4

Faciculus Cuneatus

Question 5

What nerve is damaged if corneal reflex/blink is absent

Answer 5

Opthalmic

Question 6

What foramina does the opthalmic nerve pass through?

Answer 6

Superior orbital fissure

Question 7

Gag reflex is which nerve and which foramen does it pass through?

Answer 7

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)- jugular foramen

Question 8

What is Bell’s palsy?

Answer 8

A palsy of the facial nerve (CN VII) causes unilateral facial weakness
Tx- pred

Question 9

What does the facial nerve pass through

Answer 9

Internal Acoustic Meatus

Question 10

Damage to what portion of the thalamus would affect facial sensation?

Answer 10

Ventral posteromedial nucleus

Question 11

Describe Alzheimer’s

Answer 11

Caused by cortical plaque deposition due to abnormal aggregation of tau protein
Signs/symptoms- misplacing items, difficulty remembering new things but can recall earlier memories

Ix- atrophy of brain sulci on CT

Question 12

Where does the maxillary nerve pass through the sphenoid bone?

Answer 12

foramen rotundum

Question 13

What can B12 deficiency cause?

Answer 13

Damage of the dorsal columns and corticospinal tracts so affect light touch, vibration and proprioception

Question 14

What nerve innervates the carotid body and sinus?

Answer 14

Glossopharyngeal

Question 15

Describe the flow of CSF through the ventricles

Answer 15

Two lateral ventricles drain into 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramina

Then to 4th ventricle via:

Foramen of Magendie into cisterna magna (between cerebellum and medulla) -> subarachnoid space

Laterally via foramina of Luschka into cerebellopontine angle cistern (between pons and cerebellum)

Question 16

State how rootlets become rami

Answer 16

At each segment of the spinal cord dorsal and ventral rootlets arise

Then become anterior and posterior roots

Then join to become a mixed spinal nerve

Then divide into anterior and posterior rami

Question 17

What do posterior rami supply

Answer 17

The posterior body wall

Question 18

What do anterior rami supply

Answer 18

Anterolateral body wall

Question 19

What innervation do anterior roots always carry?

Answer 19

Motor innervation

Question 20

What innervation do posterior roots always carry?

Answer 20

Sensory innervation

Question 21

What innervation do spinal nerves carry?

Answer 21

Mixed modalities
- general sensory to all structures
-somatic motor to skeletal muscles
-sympathetic nerve supply to skin -smooth muscles of arterioles

Question 22

Where does sympathetic supply exit?

Answer 22

T1-L2 only thoracolumbar through anterior root onto sympathetic chain then rides on arteries to head and neck.

Question 23

What are the two major ateries of blood supply to the brain?

Answer 23

Internal Carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 24

Which foramina does the vertebral artery pass?

Answer 24

Foramen Magnum

Question 25

What provides blood to the dura mater?

Answer 25

Middle meningeal artery

Question 26

In a third nerve palsy where is the lesion?

Answer 26

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm located in the circle of willis

Question 27

What is a non-epileptic attack disorder?

Answer 27

A seizure not caused by abnormal brain electrical activity but psychological stress. Key features- pelvic thrusting, head movements, closed eyes, post-ictal weeping

Question 28

What does the anterior spinothalamic tract carry?

Answer 28

Crude touch and pressure

Question 29

What does the lateral spinothalamic tract carry?

Answer 29

Carries sensation of pain and temp

Question 30

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 30

Coordinating movement and balance

Question 31

Where does the cerebellum get its input from?

Answer 31

Motor cortex, brainstem, somatosensory system

Question 32

What does the basal ganglia help do?

Answer 32

Facilitate wanted and inhibit unwanted movements

Question 33

Which vessel is damaged in an extradural haematoma?

Answer 33

Middle meningeal artery

Question 34

Which vessel is damaged in a subdural haemorrhage?

Answer 34

Anterior/middle cerebral arteries

Question 35

Where does a extradural haemorrhage occur?

Answer 35

Between the dura and the skull

Question 36

Where does a subdural haematoma occur?

Answer 36

Between dura mater and arachnoid mater

Question 37

Where does a subarachnoid haemorrhage occur?

Answer 37

Between arachnoid and pia mater

Question 38

What does a subdural haematoma look like on CT?

Answer 38

Cresent shaped hyperdense lesion

Question 39

What muscles make up the erector spinae

Answer 39

Illiocostalis+longissiumus+spinalis

Question 40

What would happen following occlusion of the basilar artery?

Answer 40

Bilateral loss of corticospinal tracts.

Question 41

What is the role of the medial longitudinal fasciculus?

Answer 41

Myelinated fibre tract in the brainstem which acts as the central connection for the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducens nerve. Carries info about the direction the eyes should move.

Question 42

How does internuclear ophthalmoplegia present?

Answer 42

Ipsilateral impairment of the adducting eye and nystagmus in the abducting eye on contralateral gaze

Question 43

What are the vertebral arteries a branch of?

Answer 43

Subclavian arteries

Question 44

What is the middle cerebral artery a branch of?

Answer 44

Internal carotid

Question 45

What supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible and part of the external ear?

Answer 45

Great auricular nerve C2,3

Question 46

Flexion of the fingers is which myotome?

Answer 46

C8

Question 47

Extension of the fingers is which myotome?

Answer 47

C7

Question 48

Ab/adduction of the fingers is which myotome?

Answer 48

T1

Question 49

Flexion of the wrist is which myotome?

Answer 49

C6,7

Question 50

Extension of the wrist is which myotome?

Answer 50

C7,8

Question 51

Flexion of the hip joint is which myotome?

Answer 51

L2,3

Question 52

Extension of the hip joint is which myotome?

Answer 52

L5,S1

Question 53

What nerves arise from the pons?

Answer 53

CN 5,6,7,8

Question 54

Function of the rubrospinal tract?

Answer 54

Excites flexor muscles and inhibits extensor muscles, primarily of upper body

Question 55

Which mechanoreceptors sense stabbing pain?

Answer 55

Alpha delta- thick myelinated

Question 56

Which mechanoreceptors sense slow, throbbing pain?

Answer 56

C-fibres- unmyelinated

Question 57

Where is a lumbar puncture taken from?

Answer 57

Between L3 and L4 within the subarachnoid space

Question 58

Where does the dural sac terminate?

Answer 58

S2

Question 59

What is Wernicke's area supplied by?

Answer 59

Inferior division of the left MCA

Question 60

What does morphine bind to?

Answer 60

µ receptors (Mu) in CNS

Question 61

What do schwann cells do?

Answer 61

Myelination in peripheral nervous system

Question 62

How does neurogenic shock arise?

Answer 62

Cervical/high thoracic injuries above T6. Symp outflow from T1-L2 so disrupts this leading to unopposed parasymp tone = hypotension and bradycardia

Question 63

What nerve is involved in plantar flexion and foot eversion?

Answer 63

Superficial peroneal nerve

Question 64

What is babinski sign positive in?

Answer 64

Corticospinal tract lesion

Question 65

How does the internal carotid form?

Answer 65

Brachiocephalic trunk -> right common carotid -> right internal carotid

Question 66

What is the blood supply to the brain?

Answer 66

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 67

What do the R+L vertebral arteries branch from?

Answer 67

Subclavian arteries

Question 68

Roots of the axillary nerve

Answer 68

C5,C6

Question 69

Roots of the median nerve

Answer 69

C5-T1

Question 70

Roots of the ulnar nerve

Answer 70

C8-T1

Question 71

Roots of the femoral nerve

Answer 71

L2-L4

Question 72

Cauda equina nerve roots?

Answer 72

L1-L5

Question 73

Decreased sensation in 1st webspace?

Answer 73

Deep peroneal nerve

Question 74

Eversion of foot?

Answer 74

Common Peroneal

Question 75

Dorsiflexion of ankle?

Answer 75

Deep fibular/peroneal nerve

Question 76

Loss of sensation to sole of foot?

Answer 76

Tibial