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Z MD1 neurology > neuro diseases/syndromes > Flashcards

neuro diseases/syndromes Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

where is the hippocampus

A

medial temporal lobe

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2
Q

types of declarative and non-declarative memory

A

declarative - semantic and episodic

non-declarative - skills, priming, basic associative learning, reflexes

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3
Q

what specific ion channel is involved in learning and memory

A

NR1 - key glutamate receptor

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4
Q

what is catatonia

A

motor immobility as evidenced by catalepsy or stupor

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5
Q

what do psychiatric illnesses affect

A

neurons, astrocytes and microglia leading to altered molecular pathways

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6
Q

epilepsy is characterized by…

A

recurrent unprovoked epileptic seizures

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7
Q

what causes seizures

A

paroxysmal excessive, synchronous, abnormal firing of populations of neurons in the brain - where it disrupts normal neuronal processing

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8
Q

why does someone get epilepsy

A
  • genetic = inherited the predisposition
  • structural/metabolic = something has happened to the brain as a result of injury
  • unknown
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9
Q

what defines a partial (focal) seizure

A

arise in a limited number of cortical neurons within one hemisphere

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10
Q

what defines a generalized seizure

A

appear to arise simultaneously in both hemispheres

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11
Q

which cause of epilepsy usually responds well to medication and which type doesnt

A

responds well - genetic

doesnt respond well - structural

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12
Q

what causes the abnormal firing of neurons that causes seizures

A

a disturbance in the balance between inhibition and excitation of cortical neurons and neuronal networks (either increases or decreases in neuronal inhibition or excitation)

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13
Q

what can cause the disturbance in the excitatory-inhibitory balance causing seizures

A
  • loss of inhibitory neurons
  • gain of excitatory neurons
  • aberrhant sprouting
  • change in intrinsic neuronal cellular excitability –> change NT in the circuit
  • alterations in synpatic transmission
  • alterations in the extra-neuronal environment (glia)
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14
Q

what is the typical characteristic pathological pattern of medial temporal sclerosis

A
  • cell loss in CA1, CA3 and dentate hilus regions
  • mossy fibre sprouting
  • glosis
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15
Q

why is medial temporal sclerosis so important

A
  • commonest pathology in adults with partial epilepsy
  • most refractory to medial drug therapy
  • good prognosis with epilepsy surgery
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16
Q

what are the MRI signs of focal cortical dysplasia

A
  • focal thickening of the cerebral cortex
  • blurring of the grey/white interface
  • gyral abnormalities
  • may be associated with a region of increased T2 signal
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17
Q

what causes preiventricular nodular heterotopia

A

abnormal neuronal migration

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18
Q

what is the most common type of tumour to cause seizures

A

gliomas

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19
Q

what type of vascular lesions can cause seizures

Study These Flashcards
A

cavernomas

arteriovenous malformations

20
Q

what is focal encephalomalacia

Study These Flashcards
A

focal lesion resulting from previous destructive insule

21
Q

definition of cellular senescence

Study These Flashcards
A

cells lose the ability to divide

22
Q

what is organismal senscence

Study These Flashcards
A

the ageing of whole organism

23
Q

what is the difference between “successful” and “usual” ageing

Study These Flashcards
A

successful - changes due solely to the ageing process, UNAFFECTED BY DISEASE, ENVIRONMENTAL OR LIFESTYLE FACTORS

usual - changes associated with THE COMBINED EFFECTS of the ageing process, disease and adverse environment and lifestyle factors

24
Q

definition of frailty

Study These Flashcards
A

diminished ability to carry out the important practical and social activities of daily living

25
why do we want to prevent someone becoming frail
they are unable to integrate responses in the face of stress and therefore are at risk for adverse health outcomes such as geriatric syndromes
26
what are the "biomarkers" of frailty
associated with a low grade chronic activation of the immune system - cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) - CRP
27
what is sarcopenia
ageing skeletal muscle due to altered CNS and PNS innervation, altered hormonal status, inflammatory effects and altered caloric, protein intake and disuse
28
when does the decline in skeletal muscle start to occur
begins in the 3rd decade
29
which muscle fibres are more affected by sarcopenia
type 2 fibres | proximal and distal muscles affected to the same amount
30
what are the clinical signs of frailty
``` slowness weakness weight loss low activity fatigue ```
31
What are the Fried's criteria for frailty
- unintentional weight loss - weakness - exhaustion - slow walking speed - low physical activity (pre frail = 1-2, frail = 3 or more)
32
definition of co-morbility
concurrent presence of 2 or more chronic diseases
33
definition of a disability
physical or mental impairment that limits 1 or more ADL
34
what are the geriatric syndromes
``` incontinence immobility impaired balance impaired cognition iatrogenic illness ```
35
What are the protein products leading to Alzeihmer's disease
alpha-beta amyloid | Neurofibrillary tangles
36
Which chromosomes are involved in early onset AD
21, 14 and 1
37
sporadic mutation of which chromosome leads to sporadic AD
19
38
what are the 4 types of AD
Amnestic (temporal) Visuospatial (R>L) Aphasic (L>R) Frontal
39
What is the precursor protein to amyloid plaques and how does it become amyloid plaques
APP Cleaved by beta and gamma secretases which changes the conformation into beta sheets which is insoluble. This screws up neuronal signalling and ultimately leads to degredation
40
How does gamma secretase cleave APP
Introduces a water molecule into the transmembrane domain
41
Where are amyloid plaques deposited
On the membrane of extra and Intra synaptic sites
42
How do we currently diagnose AD
Measure the Amyloid peptide in the CSF and do a PET scan
43
What is the approximate time frame from normal to full blown AD
30 years
44
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
A rapidly progressing disease due to an infectious toxic protein in the brain
45
What causes mad cow disease
Abnormal Prion protein that is resistant to proteolytic degredation
46
Why are people not allowed to give blood if you have lived in Britain
Because mad cow disease goes into the blood and therefore can be passed on
47
Which protein is associated with Parkinson's disease
Alpha-synuclein

Z MD1 neurology (17 decks)

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