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Z MD1 neurology > psychology > Flashcards

psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a definition of cognition

A

the process of knowing (both applying this knowledge and your internal dialogue/thoughts)

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2
Q

what are the general functions of the frontal lobe?

A

planning, execution, and regulation of behaviour

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3
Q

what are the general functions of the the temporal lobe

A

audition, language, music, memory, emotion

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4
Q

what are the general functions of the the parietal lobe

A

somatic and visuospatial representations (body sensations)

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5
Q

what are the general functions of the the occipital lobe

A

vision

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6
Q

what is the functional division between right and left hemispheres

A

right - specialisation for visuospatial functioning

left - specialisation for language

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7
Q

what are the 3 basic “units” of the CNS according to Luria’s brain-behaviour theory

A

primary - regulation of arousal and muscle tone

secondary - reception, integration and analysis of sensory information

tertiary - planning, executing and verifying behaviour

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8
Q

where are the 3 basic “units” of the CNS according to Luria’s brain-behaviour theory

A

primary - brainstem and associated areas

secondary - posterior cortical regions

tertiary - frontal and prefrontal lobes

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9
Q

what are the 3 principles of pluripotentiality of the brain according to Luria

A
  • each area of the brain operates in conjunction with another
  • no area is singly responsible for voluntary human behaviour
  • each area may play a specific role in many behaviours
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10
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of behaviour

A

cognition and emotion

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11
Q

what are the core/innate emotions

A

anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness

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12
Q

what structures does the limbic system consist of

A

hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, amygdala, septal area, nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex

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13
Q

what happens as a result of an amygdala lesion

A

loss of fear

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14
Q

what happens as a result of an orbitofrontal cortex lesion

A

dont understand emotions in others

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15
Q

what is James Lange Theory

A

we experience emotion in response to physiological changes

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16
Q

what is Cannon Bard Theory

A
  • can experience emotion without expressing it physically
  • physiological changes are not unique to specific emotions
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17
Q

what is included in executive function

A

goal directed, purposeful behaviour emotional and social behaviour cognition

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18
Q

what are the “subdivisions” of the pre-frontal cortex and which arteries supply these divisions

A

lateral- middle cerebral artery

orbital - anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery

medial - anterior cerebral artery

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19
Q

which functions are associated with the dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex

A
  • working memeory
  • response selection
  • planning and organising
  • hypothesis generation
  • insight
  • moral judgement
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20
Q

what functions are associated with the medial prefrontal cortex

A

emotional motivation/will

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21
Q

what happens if you have a lesion of the medial prefrontal cortex

A

extreme = akinetic mutism (person lacks the initiation/motivation to do anything)

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22
Q

what functions are associated with the orbitofrontal pre-frontal cortex

A

inhibition of impulsivity - think things through first

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23
Q

what happens if you have a lesion of the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

A

have the inability to inhibit responses –> impulsive behaviour

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24
Q

why can you not say a “frontal” defect?

A

because the frontal cortex is connected to places all over the brain (therefore you can lesion any of these connections and have the same behavioural result)

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25
what are the "positive" symptoms associated with executive dysfunction
distractability social disinhibition emotional instability perserveration impulsivity hypergraphia
26
what are the "negative" symptoms associated with executive dysnfunction
lack of concern restricted emotion deficient empathy failure to complete tasks lack of initiation
27
what type of pre-frontal lesion are neuropsychological tests most sensitive for
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions
28
how can you most accurately assess medial and orbitofrontal lesions?
clinical judgement and history taking
29
what does the tower of london test test?
planning and the ability to learn from mistakes (DLPFC)
30
what does the stroop test test?
test of your ability to inibit your response
31
what does the rey complex figure test test?
planning
32
what is aphasia
a disturbance in language as a result of brain damage
33
what does the superior division of the middle cerebral artery supply
the sensorimotor cortex and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
34
what does the inferior division of the middle cerebral artery supply
the temporoparietal cortex and the visual tracts
35
What kind of aphasia is Broca's aphasia
non-fluent - loss of grammatical structure - intact selection of content - takes a long time for them to get the words out - right arm and face weakness - preserved comprehension - highly effortful
36
what kind of aphasia is Wernicke's aphasia
fluent - impaired selection of content (make up words, or have paraphasic errors) - intact grammatical structure but doesnt make sense - impaired comprehension - right quadrantanopsia - no motor weakness
37
what significant difference is there between Wernicke's aphasia and conduction aphasia
conduction aphasia patients have relatively intact comprehension and do poor repetition of words
38
what part of the brain is affected in conduction aphasia
arcuate fasciculus (connects Brocas and Wernicke's areas)
39
what part of the brain is affected in transcortical motor aphasia
cingulate gyrus and/or prefrontal cortex
40
what type of characteristics does a patient have with transcortical motor aphasia
- non-fluent aphasia - muteness at most severe - repetition is preserved
41
what is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia
retrograde - cannot remember things in a period of time before the event antrograde - inability to form new memories on a day to day basis
42
how would you explain immediate memory
the ability to be able to keep information online "working memory"
43
how would you test long-term memory
give the pt a list of words, and then ask them to repeat them back to you after 20 minutes
44
what types of memory come under declarative memory
episodic (events) semantic (facts)
45
what types of memory come under non-declarative memory
skills/habits priming/classical conditioning
46
where are the general areas of the brain involved in declarative memory
hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex (all in the temporal lobe)
47
what is the lateralisation of the hippocampus
left - list learning, paired associate learning, story recall right - visuo-spatial associations, face recall
48
what is the typical presentationof hippocampal sclerosis
declarative memory disturbance
49
what are 3 transient memory disorders
transient global amnesia transient epileptic amnesia post traumatic amnesia
50
what parts of the brain are affected by "asymptomatic", "incipient" and "fully developed" alzeihmers disease
asymptomatic - transentorhinal incipient - limbic system fully developed - neocortical association cortex
51
what psychological test is a good predictor for progression into Alzeihmers disease
arbitrary word pairing test
52
What is anxiety
an unpleasant subjective or inner state of turmoil or dread over something unlikely to happen
53
how is anxiety different to fear
fear is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future threat
54
what are the physical symptoms of anxiety
- flushing or pallor - increased respiration - sweating - increased HR - nausea - feeling faint
55
what are the cognitive symptoms of anxiety
- poor concentration/distractedness - guilt - worry - extreme/irrational thinking
56
what are the affective symptoms of anxiety
- intense fear - panic or impending doom - feelings of uneasiness - apprehension or nervousness - needing to escape
57
what are the behavioural symptoms of anxiety
fidgeting, restlessness, agitation, tense body posture, nervous habits
58
what is the difference between normal and abnormal anxiety
- response is out of proportion to the level of threat - thoughts cannot be reasoned away - thoughts are characterized by extreme thinking - behaviour that is beyond voluntary control - can avoid the situation
59
what is the difference between a fear and a phobia
phobia: - persistence of the fear over time - recognition that the fear is excessive or unreasonable - an associated avoidant behavioural response - significant interference of the fear in activities of daily life
60
how does blood injury phobia differ from all other phobias?
blood injury phobia - the initial sympathetic activity of the SNS is taken over by vagal inhibition --\> fainting
61
what are two methods of managing an anxious response
relaxation training exposure therapy
62
what do you tell a patient in preparation for an unpleasant medical procedure
- what the procedure entails and who will be performing it - reasons for the procedure - typical sensations associated (before, during and after) - expected level of discomfort and its duration - preparation for possible anxiety
63
information should be presented to a patient at a level of schooling equal to
year 10
64
what are the steps of the SPIKES - breaking bad news mechanism
S - setting up the interview P - Perception - assess the patient's perception I - Invitation - obtain the patient's invitation K - Knowledge - give knowledge and information to the patient E - Emotions - acknowledge the patients emotions S - summary and strategy
65
what does the PERCEPTION stage of the SPIKES mechanism entail
ask the patient what their understanding is of the procedure and the reason for the procedure before continuing
66
what does the INVITATION stage of the SPIKES mechanism entail
asking the patient how much information they would like to know and how they would like you to give the information
67
what is cognition
information processing occurring at the level of the mind or brain
68
why is it important to know your patients cognitive status
it indicates how well a person may be functioning - can impact on decision making capacity and providing informed consent, independent functioning in the community and treatment adherence
69
what things are involved in the language domain of cognition
expressive language receptive language reading writing naming
70
what things are involved in the memory domain of cognition
short term recall long term recall recognition episodic (semantic, autobiographical) procedural verbal non-verbal
71
what things are involved in the visuospatial domain of cognition
navigation visual perception (color or motion) constructional ability
72
what things are involved in the attention domain of cognition
arousal or alertness immediate memory focussed attention sustained attention selective attention
73
what things are involved in the executive function domain of cognition
working memory processing speed idea generation planning mental flexibility response inhibition
74
what is decision making capacity
the capacity requires cognitive skills to understand, make, communicate and execute decisions in everyday life
75
3 things a patient has to have to put a case through to the WHO for a removal of a patients capacityem
- must be an organ level abnormality - this pathology much cause a cognitive impairment - organ level impairment must lead directly to a disability in decision making capacity
76
77
what are expressive and receptive language
expressive - able to say what they want to say receptive - able to comprehend language
78
how would you test for a defect affecting expressive language
- observe spontaneous speech (conversation) - asses repetiation of words and phrases - naming of common objects - Test for a reliable yes/no response and thenask simple questions
79
how would you test for a defect in receptive language
- ask the patient to follow a simple comand and then a complex comand
80
What are the hypotheses for why poststroke depression occurs
psychosocial - loss of independence, burden on the family, loss of life roles, unable to engage, loss of control neurobiological - Lesion location - if the lesion in affecting areas that are critical to normal emotional and mood functioning neurobiological - proinflammatory cytokines --\> cerebral ischaemia may lead to proinflammatory cytokines --\> deplete serotonin genetics - greater risk

Z MD1 neurology (17 decks)

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