Neuro Disorders - Unit 1 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
parts of the CNS
A
brain, spinal cord
2
Q
parts of PNS
A
ganglion cells and nerve cells projecting from spinal cord
3
Q
function of the brain in CNS
A
receive and process sensory and higher cognitive information (i.e. emotions, thinking, etc)
4
Q
function of spinal cord in CNS
A
conducts signals to and from brain
motor activity
5
Q
2 types of neurons in PNS
A
motor and sensory
6
Q
function of motor neurons in PNS
A
connects CNS to muscles and glands
7
Q
function of sensory neurons in PNS
A
connect sensory organs to CNS
8
Q
2 systems of motor neurons
A
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
9
Q
function of somatic nervous system
A
controls voluntary movement
10
Q
function of autonomic nervous system
A
controls involuntary responses
11
Q
divisions of autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic
parasympathetic
12
Q
sympathetic division function
A
fight or flight
13
Q
parasympathetic division function
A
rest or digest
14
Q
4 directions of rostro-caudal axis
A
dorsal - top
ventral - bottom
rostral - forward
caudal - back
15
Q
4 directions of medial-lateral axis
A
medial - middle
lateral - side to side
dorsal - top
ventral - back
16
Q
3 section planes
A
horizontal
coronal
sagittal
17
Q
how is the brain protected
A
meninges, bone, and skin cover the brain
cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles deliver nutrients and absorb shock
blood brain barrier prevents entry of toxins
18
Q
3 meninges layers
A
dura mater (outer)
arachnoid
pia mater (inner)
19
Q
how is the spinal cord protected
A
open structure, vertebrae encase the nerves/cord
20
Q
main ventricles in the brain
A
left, right, third, fourth
21
Q
function of blood vessels in the brain
A
deliver nutrients and oxygen to the brainp
22
Q
function of ventricles in the brain
A
connect brain to spinal cord
filled with cerebrospinal fluid to facilitate communication
buffer damage
monitor development
23
Q
3 major brain divisions
A
forebrain (front)
midbrain (middle)
hindbrain (back)
24
Q
major parts of forebrain
A
telencephalon
diencephalon
25
major parts of midbrain
mesenephalon
26
major parts of hindbrain
metencephalon
myelencephalon
27
function of forebrain structures
receive/process sensory information
higher cognitive functions
control language and motor function
28
3 major structures of forebrain
cerebral cortex
limbic system
basal ganglia
29
function of cerebral cortex
executive function/integration
30
function of limbic system
emotion, memory, learning, motivation
31
function of basal ganglia
motor control, motivation/reward
32
mental illness' associate with basal ganglia
Parkinson's and Huntington's
33
function of cortical areas
higher functioning (decision making, language, etc)
34
function of subcortical areas
primitive functions (memory, emotion, pleasure, hormones, etc)
35
cortical area structure in limbic system
hippocampus
36
subcortical area structures in limbic system
amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus
37
functions of thalamus/hypothalamus
emotion, motivation, autonomic activity
38
functions of cingulate gyrus
emotion, learning, memory
39
mental disorder associated with damaged forebrain
schizophrenia
40
structure of basal ganglia
subcortical nuclei
41
4 lobes of forebrain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
42
function of frontal lobe
cognition, speech, motor
43
function of parietal lobe
somatosensory function, speech, taste, reading
44
function of temporal lobe
hearing, smell
45
function of occipital lobe
vision
46
what is the cortical homunculus
map of brain areas devoted to human body
47
function of midbrain
relay auditory/visual information via connections to facial nerves
control motor function
48
function of hindbrain
basic vital life functions for survival (breathing, blood pressure, sleep, etc)
49
structures of hindbrain
cerebellum, medulla, pons
(fiber tract running between brain and spinal cord)
50
cell types in the brain
astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocyte, neurons
51
structure of a neuron
dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals
52
unipolar neuron structure/function
1 process (axon) leaving cell body
sensory neurons with receptors in skin/joints/muscles/internal organs
53
bipolar neuron structure/function
2 processes (axons) leaving cell body
sensory neurons of visual and auditory systems
54
multipolar neuron structure/function
multiple axons
integration of information from multiple other neurons
55
3 principal types of multipolar neurons
motor neuron of spinal cord
pyramidal cell of hippocampus
purkinjie cell of cerebellum
56
most abundant cells of human brain
astrocytes
57
main component of blood brain barrier
astrocytes
58
function of astrocytes
provide nutrients and ions to nervous tissues
repair scar tissue after injury
uptake and produce neurotransmitters
59
function of oligodendrocytes
provide insulation to axons by forming the myelin sheath
60
equivalent of myelin sheath in PNS
schwann cells
61
a single oligodendrocyte can extend to ---- axons while schwann cells can extend to ----
50, 1
62
function of myelin sheath
insulate axon
speeds up movement of electrical impulses for neuronal communication
form nodes of ranvier
63
purpose of nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath where action potential are transmitted
64
what are microglia
macrophages of the CNS
1st line of active immune defense (clear cellular debris, attack toxins, etc)
65
4 functions of neurons and location on neuron
reception (input) - dendrites
integration - cell body
conduction- axon
transmission (output) - axon terminal/synapses
66
function of the striatum
input for basal ganglia to control voluntary motor function
67
damage to substantia nigra mental disorder
Parkinson's
cells are dead ---> impair movement
68
meaning of larger ventral tegmental area
responsible for reward/motivation
enhanced in drug addicts
69
function of cerebellum
balance
70
unipolar and bipolar neurons are found in
spinal cord and PNS
71
multipolar neurons are found in
brain cells (only type of neurons in the brain)
72
what brain structure has pyramidal neurons
hippocampus
73
what brain structure has purkinje neurons
cerebellum
74
why do synapses have a gap
transmit multiple messages simultaneously
easier to disconnect
control rate/amount of messaging and reuptake of chemicals
75
what direction is neuronal communication in the brain
unidirectional (pre to post, only post to pre with electrical synapses where neurons touch)
76
function of SSRI's
inhibit serotonin reuptake
keep serotonin expressing
77
where are action potentials
membranes
78
difference between Na+/K+ pump and Na+ or K+ channel
pump pushes 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in simultaneously
channels move one or the other
79
resting membrane potential
-70 mV (+ extra, - intra)
80
where do action potentials start on neurons
transferred from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic via synapse
81
--- are required for communication across synapse
ion channels
82
action potentials are direct consequences of ---
voltage gated cation channels
83
how are action potentials propagated forward
voltage reaches threshold potential, opens one channel which triggers the next to open before becoming inactive again
84
why does Na+ only move into the cell via Na+ channels
follows the concentration gradient produced by Na+/K+ pumps
85
5 phases of action potential
resting state
threshold
depolarization
repolarization
undershoot
86
channels in resting potential state
Na+ and K+ channels close
87
channels in threshold state
some Na+ channels open
88
channels in depolarization state
more Na+ channels open
89
channels in repolarization state
some Na+ close, K+ channels open
90
channels in undershoot state
all close
91
where are action potentials initiated
axon hillock (dendrites/cell body)
92
all action potentials are the ----
same size
all or none
93
how do action potentials cross synapses
via vesicle fusion carrying neurotransmitters
94
--- are required on postsynaptic neuron to receive/propagate action potential
receptors
95
how can action potential transmission be stopped
reuptake, degradation via enzymes, diffusion out of synaptic cleft
96
overexpression of --- connected to epilepsy
GABA neurotransmitter
97
peptides are --- that can act as ---
proteins, neurotransmitters
98
steps of neurotransmitter action
bind to receptor proteins
activate small proteins
activate effector proteins
99
ionotropic receptors
fast (ms)
ion flow
direct messaging
ion channels
100
metabotropic receptors
slow (s)
G coupled receptors
2nd messenger cascade (initial message ends when substrate binds to receptor)
enzyme linked action
101
what is neurulation (neural induction)
starting from a single cell (zygote), the process of dividing and differentiating cells
102
what is neural migration
neurons are "born" in the brain and move to the specified locations to perform functions determined by what genes are expressed in the cell
103
most important time during pregnancy for development
1st trimester
104
what does the neural tube develop into
central nervous system
105
what does the notochord develop into
spinal cord
106
what does the anterior neural fold develop into
brain
107
malformation in anencephaly
anterior closure issue (anterior neural fold does not close properly (brain))
108
malformation in spina bifida
posterior closure issue (notochord)
109
frequency of neural tube defects
1 in 2000 births in the U.S.
110
main contributors to neural tube defects
insufficient folic acid (lack of vitamin B6/B9)
genetic mutations
111
function of neural crest
starts forming PNS, glia, craniofacial cartilage, bone, and smooth muscle
112
what factors determines how a cell differentiates
location in brain (rostro-caudal / dorsal-ventral)
expression of different transcription factors
113
function of BMP and SHH proteins in development
aid in closing the neural tube
114
function of ventricles
brain growth, protection, waste removal, and transportation
115
origin of neural progenitors
neural (neuroepithelial) stem cells
116
function of neural progenitors
make stem cells in neural tube and differentiation
take over role of neural stem cells during 2nd and 3rd trimester
117
function of neural stem cells
create base forms for development
non-specific cells
118
are stem cells or progenitors used for cell proliferation in early development
both
119
2 regions surrounding ventricles in embryonic nervous system
ventricular/subventricular zones (cerebral cortex)
central canal of spinal cord
120
chemical marker of neural stem cells/progenitors
Sox2
121
where are stem cells located in the embryonic nervous system
middle of the structure
122
what are the empty spaces surrounding the ventricles in the embryonic nervous system
no stem cells present
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
123
2 classical niches in the postnatal nervous system
subventricular zone of lateral ventricle
subgranular zone of dentate gyrus
124
function of the 2 classical niches
produce new neurons in the brain
125
where in the brain are the ventricular zone
hippocampus
126
what is BrdU used as a marker for
monitor cell proliferation in cancerous tumors
127
BrdU is a --- analog
nucleic acid (thymine)
128
do neural cells proliferate in adulthood
unknown: different methods and research yield different results
129
3 neural progenitors in the developing brain
radial glial progenitors (RG)
intermediate progenitors (IP)
outer subventricular (oRG)
130
where are RG's
ventricular zone
131
how are RG's organized in the brain
cell bodies in the VZ
project fibers radially
132
where are IP's
subventricular zone
133
how are IP's organized in the brain
cell bodies cluster in SVZ
no fibers
134
marker for RG's
BLBP
135
marker for IP's
Tbr2
136
lack of IP cause the brain to be --- in size
smaller (decrease in neurogenesis)
137
how are oRG's different from RG's
lack the apical processes
in outer SVZ
138
3 evolutionary changes in the brain
size
folding/surface area
139
why does the human brain have so much folding
to increase the surface area for the higher number of neurons
140
oRG's can generate --- (3)
oRG's
neurons
immature IP's
141
IP's can generate --- (2)
neurons
IP
142
RG's can generate --- (3)
RG's
IP's
neuron
143
compare proliferation rate in humans to other animals
much faster in humans---> highest # of neurons in proportion to size
144
result of Wnt presence
accumulation of beta catenin = gene expression
145
result of Wnt absence
beta catenin degradation = no gene expression
146
result of overexpressed beta catenin
enlarged brain
rapid cell proliferation
147
result of beta catenin knockout
decrease brain size
decreased proliferation
148
notch signaling activates ---
transcription factors (NICD)
gene expression/transcription
