Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KSU > Neurodevelopment S23 > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment S23 Flashcards

(111 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

2 poles of egg cells

A

animal (top) vegetal (bottom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 general steps of early embryonic organization

A

egg cell polarity attracts sperm
fertilization of egg cell (cell cleavages)
formation of blastula
formation of blastopore (invagination ectoderm)
gastrulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

blastula structure

A

hollow inside (blastocoel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is invagination of the ectoderm

A

indention in blastula, opposite of sperm attachment site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is gastrulation

A

formation of primary germ cell layers

ectoderm folds in to form mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

problem with metazoan evolution

A

multicellular animals, how can it be organized?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what was the first nervous system

A

nerve nets (ex: anemone, hydras)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how to nerve nets work

A

allow interaction with outside world and between internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compare morphology of embryonic

tortoise and chick
pig, cat, rabbit, human

A

basically same early, starts to differ later but still very similar basic features/structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how are c. elegans (nematode) useful as animal models

A

simple nervous system, transparent skin (can see cells in living organism), known origin/migration/differ. of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are frogs useful as animal models

A

high reproduction, easy to study development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

6 general steps of amphibian embryology

A

create environment : gametogenesis, fertilization
start building organism : cleavage, formation of blastula
grow the organism : gastrulation, blastocoel (hollow inside) -> blastopore (indent) -> form ecto/meso/endo
neurulation
larval stages
maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where do the cells for the endoderm come from

A

clump of cells in vegetal pole, under hollow blastocoel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 main forms of ectoderm

A

skin, CNS neurons, neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

5 main forms of mesoderm

A

notochord, bone tissue, kidney tubule, RBC’s, muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 main forms of endoderm

A

stomach cells, thyroid cells, lung cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the involuting marginal zone (IMZ)

A

tissue of ectoderm that migrates into blastocoel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a blastopore

A

ectoderm tissue that pinches into the blastocoel, opposite the sperm entry site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

animal pole cells are —- than vegetal pole clls

A

smaller, higher in quantity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

blastopore structure

A

animal (top)
vegetal (bottom)
ventral (left)
dorsal (right)

“bottom heavy” - larger cells, more space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the neurogenic region of blastopore

A

overlap of ectoderm and migrating/developing mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

neural plate divisions

A

dorsal (top)
ventral (bottom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

neural plate and tube structure

A

image in notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hollow center of neural tube forms —

A

central canal and ventricles in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
notochord is formed from ---
mesoderm cells
26
human embryonic development is most similar to that of ---
frogs/amphibians
27
1 feature difference between humans and frogs in embryonic development
humans form amniotic cavity
28
in which embryonic structure does the amniotic cavity develop
epiblast -> primitive ectodermal and amniogenic cells
29
what is the hypoblast
primitive mesodermal cells
30
neural tube forms the ---
brain and central canal
31
abnormality process leading to anencephaly
failure of neurulation (no plate over neural crest) -> brain tissue grows outside of body/skull in utero (exencephaly) -> brain shears off after birth
32
abnormality process leading to spina bifida
failure of neural tube to close -> abnormal spine development
33
embryonic development is guided by ---
genetics and transcription
34
valproic acid and neural tube defects
take it: no seizures, baby at risk of neurulation issue not taken: seizures during pregnancy
35
neural lineage arises during ---
gastrulation
36
during gastrulation, ectoderm becomes ---
neurogenic (neural tissue)
37
if separated before gastrulation, ectoderm becomes ---
epidermis
38
why does gastrulation change what the ectoderm becomes
some significant interaction between the ectoderm and mesoderm and a time component
39
Spemann and Mangold experiment summary
works for compatible embryos (ex: chicken and quail) transplant of dorsal lip from pigmented embryo to non-pigmented formation of dual organism with shared 2nd axis
40
Spemann and Mangold exp findings
dorsal lip is the organizer mesoderm can induce neural tissue formation in the animal pole cap ectoderm
41
how do zygote poles affect development
both poles required to form mesoderm
42
--- transcription factor induces mesoderm formation
beta-catenin
43
indirect neural induction
animal cap + b-catenin = neural tissue + mesoderm
44
direct neural induction
animal cap + neural inducers = neural tissue
45
effect of UV radiation exposure on dorsal lip
loss of neural tissue no CNS, no brain
46
effect of lithium exposure on dorsal lip
upregulates neural transcription factors large brain
47
effect of lithium exposed mRNA injection and UV exposure on dorsal lip
normal development
48
cDNA conversion to noggin protein effect
neural tissue formation
49
how is noggin protein related to head development
proportional 0 noggin -> no head formation large amount of noggin -> overproduction of head structures
50
where is noggin mRNA found
dorsal lip of blastopore
51
2 neural inducers
noggin and chordin
52
how does noggin act
binds BMP -> suppresses BMP signaling -> change in gene expression -> turns ectoderm cells into neural cells
53
normal function of BMP
stimulates ectodermal cell proliferation
54
what and where are the organizers
BMP and TGF (follistatin) in the dorsal lip
55
only need --- in amphibians for neural tissue development
noggin
56
need --- in mammals for neural tissue development
noggin and chordin
57
noggin embryonic KO
missing ear
58
noggin and chordin embryonic KO
no neural tissue development
59
activin as an organizer function
activin receptor = part of TGF signaling that regulates reproduction in adults and forms ectodermal cells in embryo
60
injection of truncated activin receptor mRNA into dorsal lip
formation of neural tissue instead of ectoderm
61
function of follistatin
bind activin
62
function of TGF/BMP
form epidermis
63
where are neuroblasts formed
neurogenic region (indention)
64
function of neuroblast
make brain/spine of drosophila
65
delamination of neuroblasts
"pinching out of line" of neural cells from neurogenic region
66
1 neuroblast = _ GMC's = _ neurons
infinite GMC's # neurons = 2 x # GMC's
67
what are neuroblasts
stem cells that make specific NS cell types
68
what side are neural cells formed in Vertebrae
dorsal (ventral = epidermis)
69
what side are neural cells formed in Drosophila
ventral (dorsal = epidermis)
70
is the neurogenic region a uniform plate
no, not every cell is neurogenic
71
what makes a cell a neuroblast
AS-C (Achaete scute) expression
72
what is AS-C
transcription factor in Drosophila
73
structure of AS-C
basic helix loop helix
74
what happens in AS-C KO
no neuroblasts
75
what happens in upregulation of AS-C
a lot of neuroblasts
76
describe AS-C/Delta/Notch process
AS-C is produced in epidermal cells in neurogenic reason Delta(mlcl)-Notch(receptor) signaling is activated Delta-Notch inhibits AS-C expression neuroblasts with more AS-C survive, express more Delta, and become neural cells those with low AS-C are inhibited and no longer neural
77
lateral inhibition
delta binds extracellular notch rec gamma secretase cleaves notch in ICD notch ICD migrates to nucleus notch ICD interacts with SuH and activates E(spl) E(spl) inhibits AS-C production
78
lateral inhibition in neural plate
neurogenic cells produce AS-C AS-C activates delta expression Delta inhibits AS-C in neighbor
79
when is polarity initiated
in oocyte pre-fertilization (zygote has poles before 1st division)
80
how is polarity achieved
differences in genetic programming
81
SKN-1 and polarity
SKN-1 only present in posterior side
82
what is mitotic lineage
each cell division creates a specific cell type
83
mosaic specification of cell fate
every cell follows its destiny regardless of neighbor
84
what determines anterior-posterior polarity
mRNA binding to anchor proteins on posterior side
85
nurse cells make ---
bicoid mRNA
86
what side does bicoid mRNA bind to in the developing egg
anterior
87
function of bicoid
set order of developing embryo (anterior = head, posterior = tail)
88
what happens if bicoid mRNA is clustered in the middle rather than anterior side
head in center, tails on both ends
89
what happens is bicoid mRNA is clustered on both anterior and posterior
2 heads on both ends
90
3 maternal affect genes
bicoid, nanos, hunchback proteins
91
function of maternal affect genes
provide plan for gradients of gap genes
92
3 gap genes
hunchback, kruppel, knirps
93
if bicoid increases, nanos ---
decreases
94
if nanos increases, hunchback ---
decreases
95
function of bicoid protein
inhibit transcription of nanos at anterior end
96
function of nanos protein
inhibit hunchback expression
97
function of hunchback
inhibit kruppel
98
where does kruppel gradient lay in normal hunchback conditions
small gradient in middle of embryo
99
where does kruppel gradient lay in low hunchback conditions
large gradient, anterior side heavy
100
function of hox genes
encode for transcription factors to determine A-P gene expression
101
hox gene structure
helix loop helix
102
T2 hox gene expansion in drosophila
2 pairs of wings
103
4 chromosomes of hox genes
6, 11, 15, 2
104
hox genes only guide --- to --- in mammals
midbrain to back
105
what are rhombomeres
8 subdivisions of hindbrain
106
function of rhombomeres
form ganglia of cranial nerves
107
what rhombomeres guide trigeminal nerve growth
2-5
108
what rhombomeres guide facial nerve growth
4
109
what rhombomeres guide vagus nerve growth
7 and 8
110
Hoxa1 mutant rhombomere KO of r5
reduced facial nerve, loss of abducens nerve
111
hox function redundancy
compensation if hox genes mutated unless both are affected (ex: AA/DD vs aa/DD vs AA/dd vs aa/dd)

KSU (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions