Neuro Exam 1 Random Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Chiari I
A
Cerebellar Tonsils into foramen magnum –> CSF accumulation in central canal. (hydromyelia)
Syringomyelia
Hydrocephalus
Due to a mesodermal disorder - under development of occipital somites to create small posterior fossa.
2
Q
Chiari II
A
associated with myelomeningocele Cerebral vernus elongation z kinked medulla small posterior fossa due to neural tube not closing properly to lead to collapse and underdevelopment of ventricular system, cerebral herniation, incomplete posterior fossa development. Detected in utero by AFP
3
Q
hydraencephaly
A
one entire hemisphere destroyed
4
Q
Hypothalamus
A
regulation of homeostasis
5
Q
what do neural crest cells expression when they reach final destination
A
cadherins
6
Q
Dorsal neural crest migration
A
also lateral - under ecterderm to give rise to pigment
7
Q
Perinatal stroke of term infants
A
Ulegyria - mushroom gyri form due to watershed infarct where crest continues to develop and deep sulci do not.
8
Q
White or Grey - Nucleus
A
Gray
9
Q
Chain migration
A
from subventrizular zone migration to form olfactory bulb
10
Q
Electrotomyography
A
EMG
Needle or surface electrode in skeletal muscle and records membrane potentials
11
Q
Treatment of myasthenia gravis
A
AChE Inhibitor (pyridostime)
Steroids or azathiopine (immunosuppresion)
Thymectomy
Plasmathoresis
12
Q
Fornix
A
axon tract - limbic system- memory formation, retrieval of carried information form hippocampus to hypothalamus.
13
Q
Electroencephalogram
A
EEG
measured EPSP and IPSP on scalp surface to meausre temporal and spatial electrical current summation of pyramidal neurons.
14
Q
notochordal process
A
hollow tube that fuses with endoderm to form communcation between amniotic sac and yolk sac - neurenteric canal. this regresses.
15
Q
Lipomyelomeningocele
A
lipoma vrom subcutaneous tissue to dorsal spinal cord.
due to premature separation of ectoderm during neurulation to allow mesenchyme entry and differentiation into fat.
16
Q
Neural crest
A
arises between neuroectoderm and epidermis. Gives rise to peripheral nervous system, cartialge, pigment,etc
17
Q
Procencephalon Development
A
Prosencephalic formation
Prosencephalic cleavage
Midline prosencephalic development.
SHH ventrallizing and Gli3 dorsalizing
18
Q
effect of spinal cord tethering
A
compromised blood flow - dysfunction
pain
UMN symptoms
incontience
19
Q
Diencephalon
A
derived from prosencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, III ventricle
20
Q
Down syndrome
A
associated with small brain, small superior temporal gyri, and short frontal lobe.
AD
21
Q
Anterior commisure purpose
A
connects temporal lobes
22
Q
function of astrocytes
A
1) maintain ionic equilibrium - Remove K
2) remove and recycle NT
3) Facilitate nutrients from vessels to neurons
4) Local regulation of blood flow
5) BBB
6) physical support
7) glycogen fuel reserve
23
Q
what is ganglionic eminece
A
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
24
Q
Lissencephaly with Cerebellar Hypoplasia
A
Mutation in Reelin. Protein expressed in Cajal retizius cells to tell axons to get off radial glia.
25
what areas in brain do not have BBB?
caudal medulla and hypothalamus
26
Procencephalic cleavage
Forms paired optic vesicles, olfactory bulb and tract (horizontal)
separates teloncephlaon from diencephalon (transverse)
paried cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles (sagittal)
27
18- FD
18- fluorodopa - attaches to L-Dopa
28
Dorsal signaling in telencephlaon
Pax6, Emx1/2
29
Synapse formation is facilitated by..
Growth gown maturing Calcium and SNARE proteins.
Postsyn- increasing receptor density (PSD-95)
Cells must also be aligned properly.
30
when does axis first start in development?
implantation in uteru with ICM in uterus (caudal)
31
cingulate gyrus
part of limbic system
32
fMRI
measures regional change in deoxyhemoglobin concentration
oxyhemoglobin is diamagnetic (no distort)
deoxyhemoglobin is paramagmentic
33
lateral siganing in telencephalon
Gsh2, Dlx1/2
34
ventral neural crest migration
also medial - under dermamyotomes to give rise to seonsory, autonomic, enteric ganglion
35
Netrin
Attractive or repulsive axonal growth signaling for LONG range
36
Origin of Microglia
Mesodermal
37
calcarine sulcus
primary visual cortex
38
White or Grey - Peduncle
White
39
Telencephalon
derived from prosencephalon.
| Cerebral hemispheres, white matter, basal nuceli and lateral ventricles
40
Microcephaly
disorder of neuronal proliferation due to genetics, viral exposure, toxin exposure.
41
mesencephalon
midbrain, does not spli
42
Subventricular zone
secondary ventricular zone that gives rise to olfactory bulb
43
Grading of germinal matrix
1-2 less severe - isoalted to GM or ventricles. Better survival with only mintor neurodevelopmental delays
3-4 more severe with hydrocephalus and hemorrhage into surrounding tissues to cause increased mortality and motor defects
44
What forms sylvian fissure
lateral surface of teloncephlaon
45
Caudal signaling patterns (RC)
Wnts, FGFs, Retinoic Acid
46
Rhombencephalon
hindbrain, splits into metencephalon and myelencephalon
47
Purpose of primitive streak
forms primitive grovethat epiblast cells migrate into to form the tri layered embryonic disc.
48
Neurotrophins
multifunction
1) cell survival
2) axon outgrowth
3) axonal regeneration
4) selective synpase formation
49
Tx of CMT
no drugs
| PT, OT and surgery
50
hydromyelia
dilation of central canal
51
18 FDG
18 fluorodeoxyglucose - measure glucose metabolism
52
Ventral signaling in telencephalon
shh, nkx2.1
53
Selective synapse elimination
reduces polyneuronal innervation based on activity of synapses.
Due to feedback mechanism of neurotrophin release from post synpatic terminal.
Occurs in NMJ, cerebellum, and visual and auditory cortex.
54
lumbosacral neuropathy
pelvic pain and hip flexor weakness.
55
Thalamus
sensory info relay except olfaction
56
Cerebellar blood supply
PICA (medulla and caudal cerebellum)
| AICA (rostral pons, superior cerebellum)
57
Origin of Schwann Cells
Neural Crest
58
Anterior circulation system supplies
cerebral hemisphere except medial occipital and inferior temporal
59
inferior colliculus
audtiory system
60
Ephrins bind to..
eph Kinase to cuase chemorepulsoin and topogrpahical map (in visual system)
61
Anterior Cerebral a. supplies
medial face of cortex, orbital
62
heterotopia
areas with discrete out of place neurons and malformed gyri
63
Neurtrophins in axonal growth
induce differentiation of processes to provide environment for process expenssion (not pathfinding)
64
Rilozule
glutamate antagonist to decrease presynatpic glutamate release and decrease neurotoxicity.
65
White or Grey - Tract
White
66
Posterior aspect of neural crest
sympathetic NS
67
DWI
diffusion weighted imaging
| measures diffusivity of H20 and acts as quantitative measure of whit matter tracts
68
White or Grey - Cortex
Gray
69
What do swchwann cells produce to promote regneration
NGF, fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophins
70
Post-natal developments
Increase density, soma size, dendrites.
Myelination
GABA receptors change form being excitatory due to higher ECl concetnraiton in fetal cells. to inhibitory in adults because ECl is lower inside cells.
71
Choroid Plexus
loose capillaries
| ependyma tight junctions
72
Myelencephalon
from rhombencephlaon, gives rise to medulla, and part of IV ventricle
73
Notochord
dervied from notochordal process. Solid tube that gives rise to nucleus pulposus in intravertebral discs
74
Cortical Platee stage
VZ, Intermediate zone, subplate , cortial plate, marginal zone
75
Posterior circulation system supplies
Medial occipital and inferior temporal
76
White or Grey - Funiculus
White
77
Position Emission Tomography
PET scan
| Radionucleotide tracer and measures the decay by positrons annihilating electrons. The photos react with detectors.
78
Origin of Astrocytes
Neuroepithelial cells
79
Preplate stage
8-9 weeks; Ventricular zone and preplate
80
Netrins bind to
DCC to cause hemoattractatng and repulsive, midline crossing, increase cAMP
81
What disorders cause spinal cord tethering
Myelomeningocele/Chiarai
Lipomyelomeningocele
Dorsal dermal sinus
Spina Bifida occulta
82
Primary Neurulation
notochord inflused by overlying ectoderm with SHH to thicken to form neural plate. this forms the neural groove and eventually neural tube. The fusion betweens centrally in caudal rhombocephalon and moves cranially from optic chiasm. Fusion begins day 22 and ends25-27.
83
Intermediate zone
contains neuronal and radial glial processes
84
External Granule
secondary ventricular zone that gives rise to cerebellum
85
Semaphorin
Repulsive axonal growth for long and short (long due to diffusible cleavage)
86
Mesencephalon gives rise to
brainstem - midbrain. and cerebral aquaduct
87
Functional hyperemia
increased neuronal activity to increase local blood flow. Regulated by NO and by astrocytes.
Increased activity increases glutamate to activate PLC and DAG to increase AA release. P450 in astrocytes form EET to open Ca dependent K channels and dilation of arteries.
88
Anterior aspect of neural crest
enteric NS
89
Types of axonal guidance
Attractive, repulsive, long and short range
90
Dentate Gyrus
secondary ventricular zone that gives rise to hippocampus
91
Primitive node
cells migrade cranially to buccopharyngeal membrane to form notochordal process (primitive notochord).
92
Middle Cerebral a. supplies
lateral aspect of frontal, parietal, and temporal
93
Three segments of primary segmentation of neural tube
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencphalon
94
Autonomic neuropathy
orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea, impotence, urinary retention
95
prosencephalon
gives rise to forebrain. Separates into teloncephalon and diencephalon
96
Non-communicating hydrocephalus
obstruction in ventrical system
97
insula
feel pain, read disgust on others face, ready body states - hunger, cravings, lust, addiction
98
Hox segmentation is for
rhombencephalon segmentation and cranial nerve segmentation
99
CMT
inherited sensory and motor neuropathy to cuase distal muscle weakness, sensory doss and deformity.
Mutation in structure and function of myelin sheath.
CMT1 duplicatio of PMP22 on Ch17
Deletion of PMP22 cuases hereditary neuropathy and pressure palsy.
100
Tangential Migration
dispersed; migration of inhibitory GABA interneurons
101
Chondorntin Sulfate Proteoglycan
released by oligodendrocytes to inhibit axonal grow
102
White or Grey - Body
Gray
103
Tenorium cerebelli -
houses the transverse sinus
104
Secondary neurulation
28-32 days
| caudal cell mass is an polypotent cell aggregate that dros and forms conus medullaris and filum terminale.
105
Semaphorins bind to
neuropilins and plexins to cause chemorepulsion
106
Periventricular heterotopia
mutation in Filamin A - actin cross linking protien
mutation getting on radial glia
differentiated neurons in ventricular zone.
107
Cerebellum
motor learning and coordination
108
Short range repulsive axonal growth
semaphorin (cell surface), ephrin, ECM: tenascin
109
Teloncephalic development
signaling gives rise to cerebral crotex, ganglionic eminence, basal forebrain and diencephalon
110
Subplate
neurons are the oldest, pioneers and are transient. 100% death.
111
Nodal
signal that implanting tophoblasts release to create gradient of low nodal cranially and high nodal caudally. Nodal cause epiblast proliferation to form pirimtive streak and node.
112
Gene for CMT1
PMP22 on Ch17 duplication
113
Pachygyris
too large of gyri
114
Vertebral a. supplies
medial occipital and inferior temporal
115
Cadherin - axonal growth
binds to Cadherin to cause outgrowth and Ca dependent adhesion
116
Magnetoencephalography
MEG
| Magnetic fields influenced by electrical current flux, perpendicular vs. parallel give different orientation.
117
Polymicroglia
too many gryi due to thin cortex
118
what underlies the uncus?
amygdala
119
Migration in spinal cord
neural progenitors stay near ventricular zone and are differentiated based on Dorsal/ventral axis. SHH - ventrally is motor neurons (basal plate)
BMP is extressed dorsally (laterally o neural plate) to give rise to DRG and sensory in Alar plate (dorsal)
120
diagnostic tests for Muscular dystrophy
increased serum CK
fibrosis, degeneration, and opaque fibers on muscle biopsy
DNA testing
121
Secondary neurulation disorder
sacrococcygeal teratoma
122
Neutrophins - cell survival
NGF, BDNF, NF3 NF4/5
React with Tropymyosin related kinase (TrK) to phosphorylate cytoplasmic domains to activate Ras, PI3K and PLC. --> inhibit apoptosis
Or react with P75NTR - a tumor necrosis factor that inhibits cell survival.
123
CAMs
bind to CAMs, NCAM, L1 to cuase CA independent adhesion, outgrowth and fasciculation
124
Foramen of monroe
connects lateral ventricles to III. Also intraventricular foramen
125
Falx Cerebri
houses the superior and inferior sagittal sinus
126
Cell surface signals for axonal growth
CAMs and Cadherins - Short attractive for axonal growth
127
Development of cerebellum
starts on dorsal aspect of pons that enlarges laterally to form Rhombic Lip that forms the cerebellum and envelopes the 4th ventricle.
Subventricular cell proliferation migrates to form external granular layer of cerebellum .
128
Superior colliculus
auditory and visual maps of space
129
P75NTR
TNF derivative that binds with neurotrophins to inhibit cell survival.
130
White or Grey - Lemniscus
White
131
Tx of Muscular dystrphy
```
rehab
spinal fusion
assistive cough and breathing
steroids to slow progression initially.
Genetic: increase dystrophin by virus or stem cells
antisense mRNA for exon skipping of stop codon
stop codon reading medications
increase utrophin (a related protein)
```
132
ALS
Anterior horn disorder of upper and lower motor neurons.
progressive weakness and hyperreflexia.
Treatment is Rilozule and symptomatic treatment
133
Event Related Potentials
ERPs
| EEG measuring repeated stimulus delivery
134
Schizencephaly
cleft from ventricular zone to pia
135
White or Grey - Fasciculus
White
136
Lissencephaly
Double cortex. Mutation in LS1 or DCX that are involved in MT organization.
Can't stay on radial glia.
137
Collagen, Laminin, fibronectin - axonal growth
bind to Integrins to cause local attractive and repulsive signals
138
syringomyelia
CSF filled cyst that separates central canal and dissects into the cord. Leads to loss of anterior white commisure and lead to cape like loss of pain or temperature.
139
White or Grey - Ganglion
Gray
140
Ependyma
leaky, single layer of cells lining ventricles so CSF can escape freely
141
Syrinx
cyst in the spinal canal
142
Holoprosencephaly
disorder of interaction between notochord and forebrain.
Prosencephalon fails to separate properly to form Alobar, semilobar, or lobar.
Leads to corresponding facial deformities.
Due to SHH mutations, trisomy 13
143
Axon pathfinding
presynpatic terminal with filipodia sense signals in ECM to change intracellulr cytoskeltal for growth and retraction
144
Neurotrophic hypothesis
released from pre, post, nonneuronal cells and release neurotrophins to promote neuronal survival.
145
H2-15O
radionucleotide tracer that measures water distribtution
146
Proencephaly
unilateral holes in brain due to stroke
147
Dandy walker malformation
cystic structure that leads to partial or complete absence of cerebellar vermis, dilation of IV ventricle, enlarged posterior fossa and hydrocephalus
Occurs sporadically and not associated with neural tube defect or folate deficiency.
Treatment is shunt of ventricles and cyst
148
Cranial siganling pattern (RC)
Cerebrus, dickkpof
149
communicating hydrocephalus
build up in subarachnoid space. can't reabsorb the CSF
150
Diabetic neuropathy
sensory and motor distal polyneuroapthy, non inherited.
autonomic neuropathy
mononeuropathy
lumosacral plexopathy
151
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
preterm infants
| blood supplys deep periventricular, subependymal germinal matrix (at 32-34 weeks this involutes)
152
What signals the migratory path of neural crest cells?
Laminin, fibronectin
153
Risk factors for Germinal matrix hemorrhage
preterm, low birth weight, immature lungs, hypercapnia, acidosis
154
Metencephalon
from rhombencephalon, gives rise to pons, cerebellum and part of IV ventricle.
