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Neuro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Darwin’s emotion theory

A

Biologically hardwired, hereditary
Modal (have specific brain mechanisms)
Innate, or present from birth
Biologically fundamental and adaptive

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2
Q

William James emotion theory

A

States of mind
Non-modal (brain used in a global way)
Are an outcome of many psychological processes that are going on at once

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3
Q

Physiological arousal

A

Autonomic nervous system changes based on emotional state
Sweaty palms
Butterflies in stomach

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4
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

A person’s own thinking and understanding of their own emotional state

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5
Q

Behavioral expression

A

Emotions are accompanied by changes to our outward behavior
Facial expressions, body language, crying

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6
Q

Evolutionary theory of emotion

A

Survival value of emotion
Avoid harm
Foster communication
Approach what is beneficial. A positive environment results in a positive emotional state

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7
Q

Discrete emotions theory

A

Humans possess a small set of core emotions
Primary or basic emotions
These emotions are innate, biologically hardwires, and experienced globally

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8
Q

Basic emotions (6)

A

Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happiness
Surprise
Sadness

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9
Q

Primary emotions

A

Present at birth

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10
Q

Tracy and Matsumoto

A

Someone who was blind won a martial arts match. Had the same reaction as someone who could see.
Shame and pride could be a basic emotion

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11
Q

Complex/Secondary emotions

A

Dependent upon one’s understanding of themselves and of cultural and societal expectation
Not present at birth
Include: feeling of success, failure, disappointment, guilt, embarrassment, shame

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12
Q

Display rules

A

The ways that cultural expectations influence emotional expression
They dictate how and when to express emotion

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13
Q

Physiological emotions

A

Some emotional states have marked autonomic responses
Heart rate increases more with negative emotions
Digestive systems slow down with fear

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14
Q

Bodily responses

A

Produced by the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic
- Fight of flight
Parasympathetic
- Homeostasis

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15
Q

Polygraph tests

A

Based on the finding that certain emotional states naturally induce parasympathetic arousal
Measure physiological responses (respiration, heart rate, BP, and palm respiration)
Lying induces anxiety

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16
Q

Duchenne smiles

A

Genuine and fake smiles
Different muscles for both
Pan Am are fake smiles
Duchenne are genuine smiles

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17
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Changing muscles in one’s face signals to their own mind what they are feeling
Making a certain facial expression makes one more likely to actually feel that emotion
Read a cartoon with pen in mouth

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18
Q

Valence

A

Intrinsic pleasantness or unpleasantness that exists in an emotional state
Positive or negative

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19
Q

Arousal

A

The intensity of the response initiated by the stimulus
High arousal = rage or furiousness
Low arousal = annoyance

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20
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
Physiological arousal precedes cognitive appraisal, and one’s appraisal of one’s emotions directly results from those physiological changes

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

An emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotional and bodily reaction
Physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal happen together, and there is not one causal direction

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22
Q

Appraisal

A

Emotional processing is dependent on an interaction between the stimulus properties and an individual’s interpretation of them
Both the stimulus and a person’s appraisal of its significance determine the emotional outcome

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23
Q

Singer-Schacter

A

The appraisal process involves higher-level reasoning about one’s environment as well as more basic physiological arousal

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24
Q

Constructivist theories

A

Emotional responses are shaped first and foremost by our language and cultural experiences

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25
Q

Conceptual act model

A

Lisa Barrett’s
Humans have physiological responses called core affects
How we interpret those physiological responses depends on what we have learned culturally about emotion categories, appropriateness, etc

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26
Q

High road and low road

A

Humans have two parallel emotional systems that are always at work
Low Road
Neural system for basic emotional responses (physiological arousal)
High Road
Generates conscious experiences of emotion
Tied to cognitive appraisals

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27
Q

Papez Circuit

A

James Papez described a neural circuit he proposed mediated emotional regulation
Includes Hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus
Later, it became the limbic system

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28
Q

Limbic system

A

Center of emotional processing
Areas for emotional processing
Amygdala, Orbitofrontal cortex, Higher-order sensory cortices, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

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29
Q

Basolateral nuclear complex

A

Considered the gatekeeper of amygdala input, receiving information from all sensory areas
Strengthens encoding

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30
Q

Medial Nucleus

A

Output region for innate emotional responses

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31
Q

Cortical Nucleus

A

Smallest complex
Receives input from olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex

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32
Q

Psychic Blindness

A

Inability to recognize emotional importance of threatening situations
Lack of fear, despite full knowledge of a behavioral consequence

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33
Q

SM Psychic Blindness

A

Bilateral atrophied amygdala
Can recognize threatening situations, but did not show emotional aversion to them

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34
Q

Instructed fear paradigm

A

Participants were shown a variety of facial expressions and told they would be shocked when they say the angry face. They were never actually shocked
People felt fear when they saw an angry face

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35
Q

What does the amygdala do with memory?

A

The amygdala modulates memory. We know this because memory still occurs as long as the hippocampus is intact, but the amygdala can make it stronger
The effects of the amygdala on memory can occur after the memory is formed, during consolidation, rather than during learning itself

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36
Q

PTSD and the amygdala

A

People with smaller amygdala and hippocampal volumes are more likely to develop PTSD
People whose amygdala are more active to fearful stimuli are more likely to develop PTSD

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37
Q

Mental lexicon

A

One’s collective store of linguistic information
Three steps occur
Lexical access
Lexical selection
Lexical integration

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38
Q

Lexical access

A

Bringing forth mental representations for linguistic information

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39
Q

Lexical selection

A

Choosing the correct piece of linguistic information, or activating the correct representations

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40
Q

Lexical integration

A

Integration of representations with all other relevant representations, which include both linguistic inputs and outputs

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41
Q

Hierarchical structure

A

Put sounds into words. Put words into sentences. Put sentences into stories and conversations.

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42
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest most basic unit of language
Form of sound units
44 in English
Largest is the Taa language (click language)
Smallest is Piraha language (10 phoneme)

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43
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest units of language that carry meaning
Root words or modifiers

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44
Q

Syntax

A

How words are combined into sentences

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45
Q

Morphology

A

How sounds are combined into words

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46
Q

Semantics

A

The meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

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47
Q

Garden Path

A

Sentences that are grammatically correct, but lead the reader to an unexpected end
Syntax can be misleading or ambiguous

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48
Q

Extralinguistic information

A

The message that is being relayed through a linguistic interchange
Facial expressions, tone of voice, previous statements by others

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49
Q

Graphemes

A

The smallest units in read language

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50
Q

Critical period

A

A period of childhood during which language is learned implicitly
After that period passes, it is extremely difficult to learn a language fluently
Jeanie - tied up until she was 13. Never able to speak fluently

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51
Q

Sensitive period

A

The new term for critical period
Can learn a language after the critical period

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52
Q

Anatomy of language

A

Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area

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53
Q

Aphasia

A

Severe language impairment that results from damage to one of the language centers in the brain

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54
Q

Receptive language

A

How well one can understand and interpret speech

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55
Q

Expressive language

A

How well one can produce and use speech

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56
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Occurs when there is damage to Broca’s area, results in a deficit to language production
Patients understand language, but can’t produce it
Receptive language intact, expressive language is disrupted

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57
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Damage ot Wernicke’s area, resulting is a deficit to language comprehension
Can produce fluent streams of language, but because they do not understand it very well, the streams don’t make sense
Receptive language is disrupted, expressive language is intact

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58
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

White matter tract that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

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59
Q

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A

Chomsky theorized that people are born with some sort of innate language learning abilities

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60
Q

Exaptation

A

A trait that was evolved for a specific reason, but was later co-opted for use in another evolved characteristic
Ex. Feathers to fly for birds, but dinosaurs had feathers and couldn’t fly. Feathers must have been for another purpose

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61
Q

Spandrel

A

Exaptations are sometimes called spandrel traits
They exist as a function for a Roman arch, but were co-opted to display art

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62
Q

Cultural transmission

A

The way that information is passed through society from generation to generation
Morten Christiansen
Cultural transmission has shaped language to be as learnable as possible by human learning mechanisms

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63
Q

Home signs

A

Someone who is deaf to have informal signs they use with hearing loved ones in their families and communities

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64
Q

Nicaraguan sign language

A

The home signs used in different families came together and were adapted and passed along to newer generations, evolving into a formal language

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65
Q

Birdsong and human language

A

Birdsong shares similarities to human language that no other form of animal communication does:
Complex grammar structures
Patterns
Communicate for pleasure rather than necessity
Critical period
Localized to specialized cerebral structures that are lateralized

66
Q

The lexical layer

A

Includes core content of a language

67
Q

The expressive layer

A

The changeable organization and fluidity of language

68
Q

Gesture first theories

A

Theory that spoken language evolved from gestured communication
Same brain areas are involved in manual and spoken language

69
Q

Do animals have language?

A

They do not have formal languages, but they do communicate

70
Q

Formal language requirements

A

Displacement
Duality of patterning
Productivity

71
Q

Displacement

A

The ability of our linguistic system to represent higher-order cognitive processing

72
Q

Duality of patterning

A

The fact that humans can recombine the features of language to have unique meanings
Different patterns of the same discrete elements yield completely independent meanings

73
Q

Productivity

A

We can use these combinations of finite language unties (phonemes) to create an infinite number of possible meanings
We can use our language to say things that have never been expressed before

74
Q

Washoe

A

Female chimpanzee who was raised similarly to a child as possible, including being taught ASL
Learned to pick up signs by observation
Learned to combine signs to state an idea she didn’t know the sign for

75
Q

Kanzi

A

Male monkey who was taught lexigrams to communicate
Taught ASL by watching videos of gorillas who were using signs
First example of a non-human to learn language through observation, rather than explicit instruction
Receptive language ability

76
Q

Lexigrams

A

Visual symbols that represent words, but are not visually related to the words that they represent

77
Q

Structure of Nervous System

A

CNS
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Grey and white matter

PNS
- Somatic Nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic system
- Parasympathetic system

78
Q

Somatic system

A
  • All movements that are voluntary
  • Actions you choose to do
79
Q

Autonomic System

A

Involuntary actions and functions
Includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic system

80
Q

Sympathetic System

A

Processes that prepare the body for flight or fight responses

81
Q

Parasympathetic System

A

Processes that keep your body in its calm state or everyday functioning

82
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway to the cortex
Relay center for cognitive functions
Primary sensory information

83
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis

84
Q

Limbic System

A

HATCH
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Thalamus
- Cerebellum
- Hypothalamus

85
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • Collection of nuclei that receive inputs from sensory and motor areas
  • Dopamine is highly active here
86
Q

Gray vs White matter

A

Gray
- Where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated

White
- White because of myelin sheaths
- Made of axons that run together in tracts
- Projection tracts and commissures

87
Q

Method of Subtraction

A

Brain is never quiet
Brain is always active or on even if you aren’t doing anything

88
Q

Direct vs Indirect methods

A

Direct
- Directly measure brain activation
- EEG, MEG, and single cell

Indirect
- Measures signals produced by brain metabolism and blood flow
- MRI, fMRI, PET

89
Q

Modularity

A

The brain operates in small units that are in charge of certain functions

90
Q

Pre vs Post Synaptic

A

Pre
- Releases neurotransmitters into the synapse

Post
- Takes up and reads neurotransmitters that are in the synapse

91
Q

Knockout Study

A

Knock out a certain genetic variation

92
Q

Superior/Inferior/Anterior/Posterior

A

Superior
- Top of the head

Inferior
- Under part of the brain

Anterior
- The front part of the brain

Posterior
- Back part of the brain

93
Q

Information Processing Approach

A

The brain is like a computer

94
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Senders of message

95
Q

Axon Hillock

A

At the base of the axon and soma
Contains ion gates that tell the neuron when to fire

96
Q

Depolarization

A

The potential inside the neuron becomes less polarized
Start of the action potential

97
Q

Repolarization

A

Restoring the polarized condition. Trying to get back to resting potential.

98
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Potential inside the neuron become more negative

99
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells in the brain
Keep the brain functioning

100
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cells
Transport ions across vascular wall and form the BBB

101
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cell
Schwann Cells
In the PNS
Form myelin sheaths

102
Q

Convergence

A

When one neuron gets inputs from many other neurons

103
Q

Divergence

A

When one neuron sends input to many other neurons

104
Q

Projection tracts

A

CNS
Run from the brain’s cortex to deeper structures and the spinal cord

105
Q

Commissures

A

CNS
White matter tracts that cross hemispheres

106
Q

Contralaterally

A

How vision is organized
Images in one side of one’s visual field are sent to the opposite brain hemisphere
Right hemisphere = left visual field

107
Q

Homotopic

A

Structures that are present and in the same location in both hemispheres

108
Q

Heterotopic

A

Structures/functions with different locations in the two hemispheres

109
Q

Navon Figures

A
  • Global vs local processing study
  • Ex. Small C’s used to make a big H
    Whether we see the H or the C’s
  • H is global
    C’s are local
110
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

111
Q

Cognitive heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts that make cognitive processing more efficient

112
Q

Gestalt Grouping Rule: Law of Pragnanz (Good figure)

A

Your mind generally accepts the simplest explanation of a visual image

113
Q

Flexibility Robust

A

Our recognition of an image is surprisingly stable despite shifts in orientation, time of day, and partial occlusion by other objects

114
Q

Memory Bound

A

Once we perceive an image, memories are triggered that either show us the consonance between prior and current experiences or highlight differences

115
Q

View Dependent Recognition

A

In order to recognize an object from a certain viewpoint, it is necessary for the object’s image from this viewpoint to match the object’s representation in memory

116
Q

View Invariant Recognition

A

Your recognition of an object is made of a combination of features can allow you to recognize new perspectives

117
Q

Structural Descriptions

A

Recognizing a letter no matter the size, font, or other minor alterations to the overall form

118
Q

Photopigments

A
  • Cells in the retina
  • Capture light and then send action potentials to the visual areas of the brain
119
Q

Rods

A

Type of photopigment
Contain a single type of protein, so all rods can do it detect whether or not light is present

120
Q

Cones

A

Type of photopigment
Contain three types of proteins
They pick up three types of information. Detect much sharper contrast and color

121
Q

Receptive Field

A

The area in physical space that sends input to a specific visual neuron

122
Q

Retinotopic Mapping

A

Receptive fields of neighboring cells overlap, so that there is a rough mapping of space onto your visual brain space

123
Q

Ventral Pathway

A

What Pathway

124
Q

Dorsal Pathway

A

Where Pathway

125
Q

Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

The neural structure that creates two pathways

126
Q

Tempora Lobe Neuron

A

Diverse patterns of selectivity, or detail that makes an image more easily recognized
- Cones

127
Q

Parietal Lobe Neuron

A

Activated by stimulation to a small area of space or entire hemifield of visual space
- Rods

128
Q

Inferotemporal Cortex (IT Cortex)

A

Where single neurons can be activated to complex images

129
Q

Gnostic Unit

A

A theoretical neuron that is programmed to be activated in recognition of a specific object

130
Q

Ensemble Coding Theory

A

Combinations of features have to be activated all at once

131
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Inability to visually recognize objects

132
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A

Failure of higher-level visual perception
- Difficulty with object constance and unable to recognize objects from different pov

133
Q

Associative Agnosia

A

Failure of recognition despite ability to perceive objects
- See whole objects, but can’t recognize through vision

133
Q

Integrative Agnosia

A

Difficulty integrating component parts of objects into a cohesive whole

134
Q

Unusual Views Test

A

Patients judge whether two images seen from two different perspectives are the same object

135
Q

Category-Specific Deficits

A

They tend to lose information for living things but retain information about non-living objects

136
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory system that very briefly stores information based on sensory modality

137
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual sensory memory
1 second

138
Q

Echoic Memory

A
  • Sensory memory
  • Auditory
  • 5-10 seconds
139
Q

Working Memory

A

When short term memory is used to process stimuli

140
Q

Atkinson Shiffrin Multi-Store Model (3)

A
  • Phonological Loop
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad
  • Central Executive
141
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Processes spoken and verbal material

142
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Processes visual and spatial information

143
Q

Explicit Memory (Declarative)

A

Memory of previous experiences that one can consciously recollect

144
Q

Implicit Memory (Nondeclarative)

A

Information that we don’t remember deliberately or consciously

145
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory for information that has a specific context and was acquired at a specific time and place

146
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory for general knowledge about the world that is not associated with a time and place when the information was learned

147
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Refers to all of the motor skills and physical habits that one acquires over their life

148
Q

Priming

A

How one’s behavior or attitudes may change due to exposure to a related stimulus

149
Q

Interference

A

When memories are lost due to competition of new incoming information

150
Q

Priming Effect

A

Refers to the fact that people are more likely to remember items near the beginning of a list

151
Q

Recency Effect

A

Refers to the fact that people are more likely to remember items near the end of a list

152
Q

Information-Processing Model

A

Information goes through three basic processes
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval

153
Q

Recall

A

Generating previously remembered information

Short answer

154
Q

Recognition

A

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Multiple choice

155
Q

Relearning

A

Measuring how long it takes one to require something learned before

156
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Detailed and vivid episodic memories or surprising and emotion-provoking events

157
Q

Fornix

A

Connects other memory structures

158
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

Spatial Memory

159
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events that occur after a lesion occurs

Inability to store new long-term memories

160
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events that occur prior to a lesion

Loss of already stored memories

EIU (5 decks)

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