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Neuro > Neuro Final - from quizlet - 1-53 > Flashcards

Neuro Final - from quizlet - 1-53 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Lesion in Conus Medularis

S2-S5 spinal cord

A

hyper emptying reflex

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2
Q

Neurogenic Bladder

A 
Bilateral lesions required
Incontinence (leak)
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Stress incontinence = not neurogenic = postpartum females
Urinary frequency
Urinary hesitancy
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3
Q

Lesion in Pontine Micturation Center

or SC lesion communication to PMC

A

Detrusor-Sphincter Dyssynergia

emptying,
but residual urine in bladder
uncoordinated deltrusor contraction & urethral (ext) sphincter relaxation

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4
Q

Tx: Detrusor- Sphincter Dyssynergia

A

Botox -

inject into external urethral sphincter

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5
Q

Lesion (rostral to) above PMC

A

Uninhibited neurogenic bladder =
UMN overactive bladder

sensation normal
urge incontinence
normal initiation of voiding
no urinary rentention

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6
Q

Lesion in spinal cord disconnects SNS, PSNS, somatic reflex from PMC
(below PMC)

A

Automatic Neurogenic Bladder =
UMN overactive bladder

sensation decreased
urge incontinence
difficulty with initiation of voiding
urinary retention

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7
Q

LMN / underactive neurogenic bladder

large bladders!

A

lesion in:

sensory afferents (from bladder) = sensory neurogenic bladder
motor & visceral efferents (to bladder) = motor neurogenic bladder
sacral spinal cord centers involved in bladder function = autonomous neurogenic bladder
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8
Q

Pontine Micturition Center - 3 functions

A

inhibits SNS outflow = internal sphincter relax
activates PNS outflow = detrusor contracts
inhibits somatic outflow = external sphincter relax

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9
Q

speak hoarsely
sounds hyper-nasal
difficulty swallowing

A

lesion in CN 10 /vagus nerve

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10
Q

Central Auditory Pathways

A

Ipsilateral
cochlea (inner ear)
cochlear portion of vestibulocochlear nerve CN8
cochlear nuclei (medulla)

Bilateral
superior olive nucleus (pons)
lateral lemniscus 
inferior colliculus (midbrain)
medial geniculate (thalamus)
primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri on superior aspect of superior temporal gyrus)
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11
Q

Very loud sounds are heard as “too loud”

A

lesion of trigeminal (5) or facial nerve (7)
(leads to loss of dampening of very loud
sounds in the middle ear)
Hyperacusis

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12
Q

cannot wrinkle forehead

A

LMN lesion

facial nerve/CN7

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13
Q

Vestibulopathy - lesion location

A

Lesion in labyrinth, nerve or nucleus

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14
Q

3 meds cause seizures in normal people

A

tramadol (weak mu agonist & SNRI)
buproprion
clozapine (1st gen antipsychotic)

(TBC-to b continued)

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15
Q

bladder - Sympathetic innervation

A 
T10- L2 ventral roots
HYPOGASTRIC nerve
Innervate detrusor muscle via beta receptors=
Bladder relaxes and fills
Internal sphincter contracts (can't pee)
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16
Q

bladder - parasympathetic innervation

A

S2-S4 ventral roots
PELVIC nerves
Innervate detrusor muscle via M Ach receptors=
bladder contracts & empties (pee)

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17
Q

pupil light reflex

A

Light in one eye- both get smaller

Ipsilateral optic nerve in
Bilateral ocularmotor nerve out

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18
Q

jaw jerk reflex

A

Partly open jaw - masseter and temporalis contract

V3 in (mandibular nerve) 
V1 motor out (ophthalmic nerve)
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19
Q

Corneal reflex

A

Gently touch cornea- both eyes blink

Ipsilateral V1 in (ophthalmic nerve)
Bilateral motor facial nerve out

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20
Q

Gag reflex

A

Gently touch posterior pharynx on one side-Bilateral soft palate goes up, Bilateral posterior pharynx comes in

Ipsilateral glosso-pharangeal nerve in
Bilateral vagus nerve out

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21
Q

motion sickness - tx

A

scopolamine

diphenhydramine

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22
Q

chemo-induced N/V

23
Q

treatment of vertigo/balance disorders

Study These Flashcards
A

Not ondansetron

can use:
anti-muscarinics e.g. scopolamine
antihistamine e.g. diphenhydramine,
or benzo e.g. lorazepam

24
Q

Waddling

Study These Flashcards
A

Bilateral hip girdle weakness, drops when legs goes out

± Proximal trunk weakness

25
steppage
Lesion= weakness of the unilateral or bilateral foot and/or toe dorsiflexors Slaps foot to avoid tripping
26
Spastic hemiparetic
UMN lesion = arm and leg dysfunction Arm stiff and flexed Legs swing out in semi circle
27
Spastic Paraparetic
UMN lesion =Both legs dysfunctional Leg stiff and extended Scissors gait
28
Ataxic
Cerebellar vermis lesion wide stance Unstable with feet together
29
Parkinsonian
Lesion- bilateral parkinsonianism Stooped posture, neck flexed Short, shuffling steps Turns "on bloc" via many steps
30
``` systems: hearing smell taste vision (ipsi; bilateral; contralateral?) ```
``` hearing = bilateral smell = unilateral taste = unilateral vision = ipsi then cross chiasm= contralateral hemisphere ```
31
Utricular macula - function
head tilt or Linear Acceleration lies in the Horizontal Plane Hair cells covered by a gelatinous otolithic membrane otoliths = "ear rocks"
32
Horizontal semicircular canal - function
head turns = Rotation in horizontal plane bends hair cells | lie within the horizontal plane
33
normal VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
stimulation on left = turn away from left = movement toward right eyes move in equal & opposite direction of head
34
what overrides VOR?
prolonged or 180 degree head turns override VOR = vestibular nystagmus 1) prolonged head rotation to right 2) repeated slow VORs to the left, 3) fast & corrective movements to the right
35
VOR lesion definition
same effect as stimulating the side opposite the lesion lesion on left = stimulation on right= turn away from right = turn toward left
36
bilateral vestibular loss
no vestibular function = devastating | severe truncal ataxia
37
loss of balance, which way do you fall?
unilateral: fall to lesion side bilateral: severe unsteadiness
38
feeling "vertigo" spinning | where is the lesion?
semicircular canal
39
feeling "vertigo" falling/tilting | where is the lesion?
utricle
40
light path
``` cornea anterior chamber pupil posterior chamber lens vitreous body retinal blood vessels nerve fiber layer ganglion / bipolar cells --> ``` rods & Cones
41
rods
night vision/dim lighting (cones are off) 400-500 nm blue/green -no red (don't see red at night) none on fovea
42
cones
Color & bright lighting blue/green/red density falls outside the *fovea*
43
color blindness
more common in *men* | red-green blind
44
accomodation / near response receptors? what muscle contract and relax?
M3 receptors on ciliary muscle contract zonule fibers relax lens - become more convex (more spherical) increased light bending power = accommodation for close up vision (<20 feet) medial rectus muscle = eyes converge
45
myopia/near sighted
eyeball too long eye length > focal length rays focus in front of retina tx: negative lenses
46
hyperopia/far sighted
eyeball too short eye length < focal length rays focus behind retina tx: positive lenses
47
pre-chiasm lesion
loss of vision in ipsilateral one eye only | lesion in retina or optic nerve
48
optic chiasm lesion
loss of peripheral temporal vision | in each eye
49
post-chiasm lesion | lesion in optic tract or primary visual cortex
loss of ipsilateral field in both eyes (homonymous hemianopsia) = both left field gone or both right field gone
50
post-chiasm lesion in temporal projection of vision system
visual agnosia = cannot recognize what you see | Loss of top field of vision
51
post-chiasm lesion in parietal projection of vision system
loss of spatial recognition = cannot recognize where you see (rare) loss of bottom vision field
52
central visual pathway
1) eye field to contralateral hemisphere 2) optic nerve 3) optic chiasm 4) optic tracts 5) lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 6) optic radiation to primary visual cortex (Occipital lobe) 7) inferior part of field projects to Parietal lobe (spatial sense) 8) superior part of field projects temporal lobe (recognition) 9) Higher visual association areas process input
53
vitamin A deficiency
causes loss of rods = | loss of nocturnal activity

Neuro (9 decks)

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