NEURO IMMUNOLOGY

Question 1

What is active immunisation

Answer 1

resistance developed in response to stimulus by an antigen and the antibodies made by the host

Question 2

what is passive immunisation

Answer 2

immunity obtained by antibodies from another host

Question 3

which type of immunity develops memory

Answer 3

active immunity

Question 4

which antibody is found in the breast milk and how does it provide protection

Answer 4

IgA lines the GI tract but isn’t absorbed

Question 5

which antibody can cross the placenta and how does it provide protection

Answer 5

IgG temporary for 6 months

Question 6

which is the first antibody and has the longest half life

Answer 6

IgM

Question 7

why are most immunodeficiencies not noticed till after 6 months

Answer 7

IgG provides temporary immunity and protection

Question 8

what is pooled IgG and what type of immunity is it

Answer 8

total igg pooled from donors and its passive

Question 9

what are antitoxins and what type of immunity is it

Answer 9

antibodies which act against a toxin e.g. for tetnus and is passive

Question 10

what is type of immunity is obtained by giving antibodies

Answer 10

passive

Question 11

whats the advantage of passive immunity

Answer 11

immediate effect

Question 12

what are the disadvantages of passive immunity

Answer 12

short duration

may cause allergic reaction

Question 13

what is convalescent plasma and what type of immunity is it

Answer 13

plasma from recovering people which has the pathogen specific antibodies and is passive

Question 14

what is a vaccination and what type of immunity is it

Answer 14

a method of giving antigens to stimulate the immune response and is artificial active immunity

Question 15

what is an adjuvant

Answer 15

a substance which enhances the bodys immune response to an antigen

Question 16

what happens in the secondary response after a vaccine

Answer 16

faster response
more antibodies
less IgM

Question 17

what vaccines are given in the first year of birth to kids

you have to know this

Answer 17

6 in 1 ( DTaP/IPV/Hib/Hep B) 
meningitis B
meningitis C 
rotavirus 
pneumococcal PCV

Question 18

what vaccines are given by age 5 (you have to know this )

Answer 18

MMR

child influenza

Question 19

what vaccines need to be given by age 18

Answer 19

HPV

meningitis ACWY

Question 20

what vaccines need to be given over 65

Answer 20

influenza
pneumococcal PPV
Shingles

Question 21

what are 4 travel vaccines given

Answer 21

hep A
typhoid
cholera
yellow fever

Question 22

what are live vaccines and give an example

Answer 22

when the live antigen is given e.g. small pox

Question 23

what are live attenuated vaccines and give an example

Answer 23

the organism is alive but weak and cannot replicate much e.g. MMR

Question 24

how do we create live attenuated vaccines

Answer 24

the organism is exposed to a non human cell and it is cultured till it develops mutations making it suited for that cell and not human cells

Question 25

what is another way of clinically creating an attenuated vaccine

Answer 25

deleting or mutating a specific gene we know causes the damage making it weaker

Question 26

what is an inactivated vaccine and give an example

Answer 26

killed organisms which do not cause much of an immune response and includes an adjuvant e.g. IPV

Question 27

what is a toxoid vaccine and give an example

Answer 27

a chemically modified toxin which is no longer toxic but can still cause an immune response e.g. tetnus

Question 28

what is a protein subunit vaccine and give an example

Answer 28

contains only the antigenic parts of the pathogen which causes an immune response and require adjuvants usually need boosters e.g. pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 29

what is a polysaccharide vaccine

Answer 29

polysaccharide antigens can be given with an adjuvant and are not immunogenic in children under 2

Question 30

what is a vector protein

Answer 30

use harmless virus as a vector to deliver genetic material from the pathogen of interest that then directs the production of the protein e.g. ebola vaccine

Question 31

what is a nucleic acid vaccine

Answer 31

contains DNA or mRNA from the pathogen that directs the production of protein

Question 32

what is the process of B cell activation

Answer 32

after the recognition on an antigen by the BCR is is processed via the MCH class II. recognition if this MCH by the TCR on an activated helper T cell allows for full B cell activation

Question 33

what ligand and receptor is connected during a B cell and T cell intercation

Answer 33

CD40 and CD40 ligand

Question 34

what is somatic hypermutation

Answer 34

process that occurs after B cell activation in which they change the antibody they produce to one with higher affinity

Question 35

how do conjugate vaccines work

Answer 35

they have carrier proteins which are recognized by the T cells which allows it to activate the B cell and thus cause the B cell to produce antibodies