Neuro Junk

Question 0

What is causalgia?

Answer 0

a burning pain that follows nerve damage, even after the tissue has healed

Question 1

What is paraesthesia?

Answer 1

an abnormal sensation (burning, pricking, tickling, tingling)
sometimes due to stroke

Question 2

What is hyperalgesia/allodynia?

Answer 2

when a non-painful stimulus becomes painful

Question 3

What does it mean when someone says that pain may change with the “psychological set”

Answer 3

that pain may minimize or increase due to the patient’s psychological state.

Question 4

What is anesthesia?

Answer 4

loss of sensation

Question 5

What is analgesia?

Answer 5

lack of pain from a normally painful stimuli

Question 6

How is nearsightedness caused?
How is it fixed?
What is another name for nearsightedness?

Answer 6

a far source comes to focus before hitting the retina
the eye is too long or lens too strong
fixed by concave glasses
myopia

Question 7

How is farsightedness caused?
How is it fixed?
What is another name for farsightedness?

Answer 7

close source comes to a point past the retina
eye is too short or lens is too weak
fixed by convex glasses
Hyperopia

Question 8

What is presbyopia?

How is it fixed?

Answer 8

Loss of lens accommodation after the age of 40

corrected by bifocals (reading glasses)

Question 9

What is glaucoma?

Answer 9

increased pressure in the eye

may damage optic nerve (vision loss) and drainage

Question 10

Which parts of the autonomic system controls the size of the pupil?

Answer 10

parasympathetic = constriction
sympathetic = dilation

Question 11

What is the name of the mechanoreceptors in the ear that is activated by the vibration of the basilar membrane?

Answer 11

The organ of corti hair cells

Question 12

Where is wernicke’s area?

Why is it important?

Answer 12

It is found at the junction of the temporal and parietal lobe
Important in understanding speech (patient is not deaf)

Question 13

What is conductive deafness?

Answer 13

deafness caused by a problem with the middle ear.

- bone calcification or basilar membrane damage

Question 14

What is central deafness?

Answer 14

deafness caused by damage to the neural pathway (nerve, brainstem, cortex) from lesion or disease

Question 15

What are the semicircular canals for?

Answer 15

they detect rotational movements

Question 16

What are the otolith organs for?

Answer 16

They detect linear accelerations and head postions

Includes the saccule and utricle

Question 17

What is the purpose of the vestibular system?

Answer 17

1. maintenance of balance and posture
2. control of eye movement
3. perception of motion and orientation

Question 18

What is vertigo and how is it caused?

Answer 18

• the sensation of spinning

- caused by inappropriate activation of the semicircular canal hair cells or an imbalance between the 2 sides

Question 19

Where is Broca’s are found and why is it important?

Answer 19

• found on the lateral edge of the frontal lobe

- important in speech formation

Question 20

What importance do rostral poles have?

Answer 20

They are important in imparting personality

Question 21

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 21

• the loss of short term memories

- usually associated with head trauma and how the patient can’t remember the events around time of injury

Question 22

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 22

• short term memories are fine

- can’t consolidate or form new long term memories

Question 23

What structures make up the limbic system?

Answer 23

part of cerebral cortex (cingulate gyrus, hippocampus)
thalamus
hypothalamus
basal nuclei

Question 24

What are the basal ganglia important for?

Answer 24

smooth initiation and execution of motor programs

Question 25

What does the premotor motor cortex and supplemental motor cortex do?

Answer 25

They are involving in programming complex movements

Question 26

Do corticospinal tracts directly stimulate motoneurons?

Answer 26

NO, only for fine motor control.

Corticospinal tracts activate interneurons in the spinal cord first, which then active the motoneurons

Question 27

Movements originating from the cortex involve which 4 structures?

Answer 27

• supplement motor cortex
• premotor motor cortex
• basal ganglia
• cerebellum

Question 28

What are the different structures that make up the basal ganglia?

Answer 28

• caudate nucleus
• putamen
• globus pallidus
• subthalamic nucleus
• substantia nigra

Question 29

What are the 3 functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 29

1. regulate posture and coordinates motor acts
2. receive inputs from cerebral cortex and sensory systems
3. influences activity in the motor cortex through the thalamus

Question 30

What does the vestibulocerebellum control?

What symptoms would you have if you had a dysfunction here?

Answer 30

• balance and eye movement

- dysfunction causes staggering, ataxic gait, nystagmus and vertigo

Question 31

What does the spinocerebellum control?

What symptoms would you have if you had a dysfunction here?

Answer 31

• compares planned movement with actual movement and will correct errors if they exist
• dysfunction causes “intention tremors”..tremors worsens as finer finger control is needed

Question 32

What does the cerebrocerebellum control?

What symptoms would you have if you had a dysfunction here?

Answer 32

• right side helps control right side of body
• dysfunction: difficulty in the smooth planning and execution of movements, difficulty speaking, may use unnecessary excess motions, have to think about movement to do it

Question 33

where are the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

sympathetic?

Answer 33

P - cranial and lateral horn of sacral spinal cord

S - lateral horn of thoracolumbar spinal cord

Question 34

What types of fibres mediate fine touch and proprioception?

Answer 34

large diameter, myelinated sensory fibres

Question 35

What type of fibres mediate nociception?

Answer 35

small diameter, myelinated fibres

unmyelinated fibres