Neuro NT exam 1 Flashcards by sophia rahman

-learning
-memory
excitatory

Glutamate

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-muscle contraction
-cognitive processing
-project into cerebellum + pons (respiratory + breathing)
-hippocampus, amygdala, + cortex –> Alzheimer’s

ACh

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-activated by nicotine
-iontropic
-found in brain + striated muscles

Nicotinic

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-activated by muscarine
-found in brain, cardiac heart muscles, + smooth muscles

muscarine

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-motor function
-optogenetic approach to understanding DA function
-reward + addiction
- increase cognitive processing

Dopamine (DA, Monoamine)

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-fight-or-flight
-arousal

norepinephrine

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-mood
-sleep
-increase cognitive processing

serotonin

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-inhibition
-active until process needed

GABA

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-ionotropic
-opens cl channels
-prevents seizures

GABA a

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-leads to K+ channels opening
-leads to greater degree of hyper polarization than GABA a

GABA b

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-ionotropic
-opens cl channels + stay open longer than gaba A
-important in retina functioning

GABA c

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-increase efficiency learning drug out of body

metabolic tolerance

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-change w/in neurons that decrease effectiveness

functional tolerance

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study of neural bases of behavioral & mental processes

behavioral neuroscience

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-apply magnetic field pulses through coil
*changes in magnetic field cause weak electrical currents on surface of brain
*stimulate neuron activity & stop neurons from communicating
*measuring behavioral/cognitive perception

Pros:
-ask causal questions about activity
-temp lesion

Cons: surface structures only

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

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-measures electrical potential of brain through electrodes
*measures timing of activity in brain well not good for spatial location
-used on kids kids + infants
-for research –> present stimuli + record event related potential (ERPs)
-can be measured when a person is at rest

EEG

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how long after stimulus did ERP occur

latency

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how large is neural response

amplitude

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have latency and amplitude + measures across different electrode sites
-relates to cognitive function

ERPs

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-measures localized activity in the brain/bloodgoing to region
-BLOOD OXYGENTATION LEVEL DEPENDENT (BOLD) signal
-have participant perform tasks in scanner
*great spatial not temporal resolution –> blood flow sluggish

fMRI

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-removes brain structure or sever connections
-study effect on animal’s behavior

ablation

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-cool down regis of interest to slow/stop neural activity
-pharmacologically disrupts neurons from firing

temporary lesions

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use micro electrodes to measure electrical activity of cells

electrophysiology

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-place micro electrode in extracellular space near a cell
-1-100s neurons detected
-electrodes used to activate neurons/brain areas

extracellular recording

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measures brain chemistry + how many neurotransmitters there are

micro dialysis

use of genetic tools to induce neurons or other cells to become sensitive to light --> can execute/inhibit cell by shining light -introduce genetic material into ells that allow them to express a channel sensitive to light -shine light into Brain --> only cells with channels will be excited -studies specific set of neurons that release NT

optogenetics

records electrical events within neurons and not just signaling -measures sub threshold activity within neuron

intracellular signaling

uses probes to find neurons within specific mRNA sequence

in situ hybridization

synthetic radioactive probes bind to protein of interest

autoradiography

-antibodies detect expression of specific proteins -can tell what cells express a certain protein & where protein is expressed

immunohistochemistry

structure + organization of nervous system

neuroanatomy

anatomical features of nervous system that are apparent to naked eye

gross neuroanatomy

take info from outside to inside

sensory neuron

communicate from central to peripheral nervous system

motor neuron

see both hemispheres + more oval

horizontal plane

slice vertically *only see 1 side of hemisphere

sagital plane

back of brain to front -looks boxy

coronal plane

towards back

posterior

towards front

towards top + superior

dorsal

inferior; towards bottom

ventral

towards outside of Brain

lateral

white matter tract connecting both hemisphere

corpus collosum

sensory, emotions, problem solving, decision making

cerebral cortex

cell bodies * not myelinated

gray matter

sensory (touch) + perception

parietal lobe

pre-motor planning + basic function

frontal lobe

large, gray matter + lots of connections with other regions *deep in brain

subcortical structures

motor control

basal ganglia

learning + emotion

limbic system

sensory relay station

thalamus

feeding, fleeing, fighting, + f'ing

hypothalamus

motor-coordination + learning *affected by alcohol

cerebellum

branching

arborization

-neurons --> 100-150 billion -develop up to 20 weeks in womb

cells in brain

-structural support -storing energy -insulation -cleaning up dead cells + waste -influence communication btw neurons

glial cells

1. brain composed of separating neurons + other cells independent, structurally, metabolically, + functioning 2. info transmitted cell to cell across gas (synapses)

neuron doctrine

integration of messages form neurons & determine if message will be sent *integration zone

axon hillock

receive into "ears" *input zone

dendrites

moves action potential quickly

myelin sheath

sends NT into synapse *output zone

axon terminals/synaptic button

conduction zone

axon

w/o myelin sheath; A.P to regenerate

nodes of ranvier

sends messages/ A.P

presynaptic neruon

receives messages

postsynaptic neuron

oligodendrocytes

CNS

Schwann cells

PNS

-directly controls ion channel (ligand binds to open channel) -fast synapse

ionotropic

-indirectly opens/controls ion channels -NT binds to G-protein -slow synapse -prolonged + magnified effect

metabotrobic

binds to identical site as NT

competitive binding affinity

binds to different part of receptor

noncompetitive affinity

propensity of ligand to activate receptor to which it is bound (whether conformational change will occur)

efficacy

opposite effect than the NT would normally bind to receptor *high efficacy

inverse agonist

lack of effect - drug doesn't activate receptor & may block receptor site so NT can't act *low efficacy

antagonist

-same effect as NT *high efficacy

agonist

down regulate by taking away receptors

counteract agonist

up regulate by putting more receptor sites

counteract antagonists

Neuro NT exam 1 Flashcards

(77 cards)