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Term 2 Flash Cards > neuro post midterm > Flashcards

neuro post midterm Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Atenolol

A

B1 adrenergic antagonist. Tx HTN

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2
Q

Salbutamol

A

B2 adrenergic agonist. Tx asthma (bronchodilator)

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3
Q

Atropine

A

Muscarinic antagonist. Mydriatic, reduction of drooling in Parkinson’s dz, antidote in poisoning with insecticide

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4
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Degeneration of anterior horn cells and V, VII, X, XII, parts of pyramidal tract, and primary motor area. Affects LMNs. Flaccid and spastic paralysis. Affects UEs. Decreased cough reflex -> aspiration pneumonia, respiratory insufficiency

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5
Q

Anterior spinal artery (ASA) syndrome

A

Flaccid paralysis, spastic paresis. Positive Babinski (UMN), lose pain and temp

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6
Q

Central medullary syndrome

A

I.e. syringomyelia d/t tumors. Lose pain and temp, get flaccid paralysis (no spastic paralysis). Common in cervical spine

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7
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Brodmann 5+7, integrate sensory info for motor planning in concert w/premotor areas

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8
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Mainly flexor. Alpha and gamma. Cortical input. Mainly excitatory

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9
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

Flexor. Alpha and gamma. Cortical input. Excitatory

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10
Q

Medullary/lateral reticulospinal tract

A

Flexor, bilateral innervation. Alpha and gamma via interneuron. Cortical input. Excitatory

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11
Q

Pontine/medial reticulospinal tract

A

Extensor. Gamma ONLY, via interneuron. Cortical input. Excitatory. Mostly involuntary

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12
Q

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

Extensor. Alpha ONLY, via interneuron. NO CORTICAL INPUT. Vestibular organ - excitatory. Cerebellum - inhibitory

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13
Q

Medial vestibulospinal tract

A

Extensor. Alpha ONLY. NO CORTICAL INPUT. Inhibition of alpha (glycine). Vestibular organ - excitatory. Cerebellum - inhibitory

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14
Q

Type I motor unit

A

Slow-twitch; low-tension; fatigue-resistant, aerobic; small motor neuron and axon

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15
Q

Type IIA motor unit

A

Fast; relatively fatigue-resistant; large tension; some aerobic; relatively large motor neurons

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16
Q

Type II B motor unit

A

Fast; fatigue-susceptible; large tension; anaerobic; large motor neurons

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17
Q

Dx and tx for myasthenia gravis

A

Dx - Tensilon test. Tx - azathioprine and corticosteroids - immunosuppressants

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18
Q

Myotonia congenita

A

Defect in gene encoding Cl- channels, can’t bring Em close to Ecl to recover from AP when K+ is accumulating in TTS -> spontaneous firing of muscles after nerve end stimulation. Prolonged relaxation phase

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19
Q

Ballismus

A

Due to lesions of subthalamic nucleus. Decreased excitation of GPi -> disinhibition of thalamus and cerebral cortex -> increased contralateral movement

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20
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

D/t antipsychotic drugs (dopamine receptor antagonists), can become permanent

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21
Q

Dopa-induced dyskinesia

A

Occurs in txt of Parkinson’s w/DOPA -> chorea

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22
Q

Drug-induced Parkinson’s disease

A

Antipsychotics, depletors of DA stores (ex reserpine), toxic contaminants (MPTP)

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23
Q

Striatal neuronal degeneration and Huntington’s disease

A

Destruction of striatal neurons expressing D2 receptors -> decreased thalamic inhibition -> increased cortical activity. HYPERKINESIS, CHOREA

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24
Q

Sydenham disease

A

Chorea d/t autoimmune ABs against striatum resulting from childhood rheumatic fever

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25
Mech of L-DOPA and carbidopa
L-dopa -> increased dopamine synthesis in surviving SNc. Carbidopa -> decreased peripheral metabolism of L-DOPA. Txt w/L-DOPA and carbidopa becomes less effective over several years
26
Bromocriptine
Stimulates D2 receptors
27
Pergolide
Stimulates both D1 and D2 receptors
28
Amantadine
Antiviral drug, may benefit some manifestations of Parkinson's (akinesia, rigidity) -> ma promote release of dopamine and/or block ACh receptors (also weakly blocks NMDA receptors). Psychiatric SE's!
29
Selegiline (deprenyl)
Irreversibly binds MAO B -> may improve responses to or delay need for other therapies
30
Entacapone and tolcapone
Inhibit COMT -> prolong synaptic longevity of dopamine
31
Benztropine
Muscarinic antagonist. Block ACh (which has opposite effect of DA on D2) excitation of striatum -> tx resting tremor.
32
Huntington's disease
Tx with D2 receptor antagonists -> antichoreic if there's still surviving D2 striatal neurons or use VMAT inhibitors -> more free dopamine, less stored in vesicles
33
Louis-Bar syndrome
Widespread degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells and compromised immune fxn -> delayed development of motor skills, increased vulnerability to infxn, increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation, bloodshot eyes
34
Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS)
Cognitive and emotional systems dysfunction resulting from cerebellar injury
35
Guillain-Barre syndrome
After respiratory or GI infection. Demyelination of peripheral axons. Good recovery, demyelination. Lumbar puncture -> increased protein in CSF. Tx - immunoglobulin
36
Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
Prefers unmyelinated axons (pain and temperature). Bacterial multiplication -> compression and ischemia of all peripheral axons. Tx w/multiple abx
37
Lead poisoning
Focal weakness of extensor muscles of fingers, wrists, and arms. Bilateral arm weakness and wasting in chronic situations. No sensory symptoms. Motor neuropathy in adults and encephalopathy in infants
38
Alcoholic peripheral neuropathy
First sensory loss, then motor loss (both symmetric). Vit B1 deficiency
39
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Affects rostral vermis and adjacent parts of anterior lobe. Affects cortical Purkinje cells -> reactive gliosis
40
DM
Sensory loss (symmetric), motor loss (asymmetric), and autonomic neuropathy. Vasculopathy
41
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Lesion in forebrain
42
Hyperventilation
Lesion in midbrain
43
Apneusis (inspiratory cramps)
Lesion in pons
44
Ataxic breathing
Lesion in lower pons/upper medulla
45
Respiratory arrest
Lesion in medulla (bilateral)
46
Diencephalic lesion
Small, reactive pupils
47
Uncal herniation
One dilated, one constricted
48
Midbrain lesion
Midposition, fixed pupils
49
Diffuse effects of drugs, metabolic encephalopathy
Small, reactive
50
Pretectal lesion
Larged, fixed, unreactive
51
Pontine lesion
Pinpoint pupils
52
Alexia
Inability to read the left visual field due to dmg in splenium of corpus callosum
53
Phenytoin, carbamazepine
Tx epilepsy. Block excitation: reduce flow of Na+ and Ca2+ ions into neurons, increase level of GABA, and suppress the release of glutamate -> less excitability
54
GABAergic, benzodiazepines, barbiturates
Tx epilepsy. Enhance inhibition: potentiate inhibitory GABAa recs and inhibit excitatory AMPA recs
55
Levetiracetam
Decreases voltage-operated delayed rectifier K+ current w/o effect on Na+ and A-type K+ potassium currents -> reduced repetitive AP generation Reduction of N-type and P/Q type Ca2+ currents -> decreased NT release Binds to synaptic vesicle protein, SV2A, which is believed to impede conduction across synapses
56
Thalamocortical transmission part of ARAS
Cholinergic structures, monoaminergic systems
57
Lateral hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex part of ARAS
NA, serotonin, histamine, orexin/hypocretin, ACh, GABA VLPO in hypothalamus - inhibitory (GABA, galanin), promotes sleep by inhibiting activity in the brain's arousal centers
58
Adenosine
Extracellular conc of adenosine rises during waking hours -> inhibits ARAS. During sleep, conc slowly declines. Administration ->NREM sleep
59
Melatonin
Extracellular conc reaches a max at about2-3am, and declines to low value by 7am. Synthesis: tryptophan->serotonin->melatonin
60
IL-1
Produced during infections. Conc increases in CSF during NREM. Intraventricular injection -> NREM sleep
61
Muramyl peptides
From bacterial cell walls. Inject into lateral ventricles of mammals -> NREM sleep
62
Delta sleep-inducing peptide
Intraventricular injection -> NREM sleep
63
REM-on cells
Maximally active in REM sleep. Use NTs GABA, glycine, ACh, or glutamate
64
REM-off cells
Minimally active in REM sleep. Use NTs NE, epi, serotonin, and histamine
65
Storage areas for procedural, non-declarative memory
Supplementary and premotor cortex, striatum in BG, cerebellum
66
Late onset Alzheimer's
Chromosome 19 (ApoE/ApoE4) -> failure in Abeta clearance -> gradual increase in Abeta 42
67
Familial Alzheimer's
``` Chromosone 1 (presenilin 2) Chromosome 14 (presenilin 1) Chromosome 21 (APP) ``` Cause constant production of Abeta 42 (Abeta 43)
68
Histology of Parkinson's dz
Lewy bodies in substantia nigra, locus ceruleus, basal nucleus of Meynert, raphe nucleus, cerebral cortex
69
Histology of Huntington's chorea
Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions/Huntington protein, striatum, frontal cerebral cortex
70
Histology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Bunina bodies/SOD1; UMN, LMN, lateral corticospinal tract
71
Pick's dz
Cytoplasmic inclusions, Tau+ Pick bodies composed of densely packed neurofilaments; atrophy in frontal or temporal lobe, cholinergic neuronal loss especially in basal nucleus of Meynert
72
Progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia
Neurofibrillary tangles/tau
73
Progeria
LMNA gene normally encodes prelamin A protein. Mutation in LMNA -> production of abnormal form of prelamin A (progerin) -> blebbing and disorganization of nuclear envelope -> impaired signal transduction, nuclear compartmentalization, and gene regulation

Term 2 Flash Cards (8 decks)

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