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Patho - Neuro > Neuro Review > Flashcards

Neuro Review Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

cells of the nervous system

A

neurons(nerve) and glial(glue) cells

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2
Q

two types of glial cells

A

macroglia and microglia

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3
Q

3 types of macroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

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4
Q

glial cells that produce myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

glial cells forming blood/brain barrier; proliferation causes gliosis in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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6
Q

glial cells that line the brain ventricles and secrete CSF

A

ependymal

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7
Q

Glial cell important in phagocytosis

A

microglia

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8
Q

can cells of the nervous system repair/replicate

A

generally cannot replicate, see what the future holds

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9
Q

whats the bad thing that can happen if astrocytes divide/multiply

A

form tumors

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10
Q

what is not normally found in CSF

A

microglia

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11
Q

when is microglia found in CSF

A

when there is an infection/inflammatory process

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12
Q

which cells of the nervous system do we have more of

A

glial cells

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13
Q

what brings impulse into the cell

A

dendrites

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14
Q

which brings impulses out of the cell

A

axons

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15
Q

what does the myelin sheath do

A

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly/effectively along nerve cells

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16
Q

what does myelin allow

A

saltatory conduction

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17
Q

what does saltatory conduction do

A

allows for faster conduction along the protected outside portion of the cell

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18
Q

the difference in charge between the interior and exterior of a cell is called the

A

resting membrane potential (more sodium ions outside; more potassium ions inside)

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19
Q

when does a nerve impulse begin

A

a stimulus disturbs the plasma membrane on a dendrite causing sodium channels to open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell, lessening the charge difference

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20
Q

what is an action potential

A

moving depolarization (Na+ ions rush into cell)

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21
Q

what is re-polarizing of the cell

A

rapid flow of K+ ions out of the cell so inside is (-) and the outside is (+)

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22
Q

CNS consists of what

A

brain
spinal cord
cranial nerves I and II

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23
Q

What are the nervous system functions

A

sensory
integrative
motor

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24
Q

the spinal cord is continuous with the brain stem t or f

A

true

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25
the spinal cord exits the brain through what part
foramen magnum* (only opening in the skull)
26
the last several nerve roots coming off the spinal cord, resembling a horses tale, are known as
cauda equina
27
cerebrum consists of
``` cerebral cortex (thin layer of gray tissue) 2 hemispheres (rt/lt) 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) ```
28
the folded bulges are known as
gyri
29
the deep furrows are known as
sulci
30
the purpose of the folds is to
increases surface area, more brain material, allows us to process more information
31
what connects the right and left sides of the brain
corpus callosum - allows them to communicate
32
where is the frontal lobe located
behind the forehead
33
the frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain, t or f
true
34
effects of injury on the frontal lobe
memory language social/sexual behavior emotions/impulses
35
is the frontal lobe prone to injury?
yes - sit just inside the front of the skull near bony ridges
36
the frontal lobes are involved in
``` planning/organizing problem solving/decision making memory retention voluntary eye/motor movement expressive speech ```
37
where is the parietal lobe located
behind the frontal lobes
38
damage to parietal lobes result in
inability to locate/recognize parts of the body
39
the parietal lobe is involved in
interpret spatial info (point to foot and they can't tell you what it is) sensory cortex
40
where is the temporal lobe
sides of the head (level of the ears)
41
the temporal lobe is involved in
``` visual/auditory data wernickes area (borders parietal) = receptive speech ```
42
damage to the temporal lobe results in
hearing loss language problems sensory problems (inability to recognize someones face)
43
damage to the occipital lobe results in
vision problems
44
where is the occipital lobe located
back of the head
45
the occipital lobe is involved in
processing of sight
46
what is the role of basal ganglia
initiation, execution of voluntary movements learning emotional response
47
what is the role of the thalamus
relay center for getting information to the cerebral cortex
48
what is the role of the hypothalamus
homeostasis; regulating autonomic/endocrine system
49
the limbic system is also known as the
primitive brain
50
the limbic system is responsible for
emotion, aggression, feeding behavior, sexual response
51
the brain stem is located...
at the base of the brain
52
the brain-stem is composed of
mid-brain pons medulla
53
injury to the brain-stem can disrupt these functions
HR breathing swallowing
54
the medulla is responsible for
respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac fxn
55
reticular formation is responsible for
relaying sensory information influence excite/inhibit of spinal motor neurons controls vasomotor/resp activity
56
reticular activating system (RAS)
arousal/sleep wake transitions | + centers for sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, vomiting, sucking, swallowing
57
the cerebellum is located
at the back of the brain
58
what does the cerebellum do
coordinates voluntary movement maintains trunk stability/equilibrium allows us to: stand upright, keep balance, move around
59
if the cerebellum is injured what could happen
uncoordinated movement loss of muscle tone unsteady gait
60
the peripheral nervous system is made up of
somatic nervous system | peripheral components of autonomic nervous system
61
the somatic nervous system is composed of
cranial nerves III-XII | spinal nerves
62
the cranial nerves go from your brain to:
eyes, mouth, ears, other parts of head
63
your central nerves are in your
brain and spinal cord
64
peripheral nerves go from spinal cord to
arms, legs, hands and feet
65
automatic nerves go from your spinal cord to your
lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder and sex organs
66
spinal nerve emerges from
spinal cord through opening in vertebrae
67
the nerve divides into 2 branches
dorsal root | ventral root
68
each spinal nerve is made up of a
a dorsal and ventral root
69
pneumonic for spinal cord nerve origins
same dave
70
what does same dave stand for
sensory - afferent motor - efferent dorsal - afferent ventral - efferent
71
sometimes spinal nerves will go off individually, sometimes they will form a plexus, t or f
true
72
the autonomic nervous system functions at a conscious or subconscious level
subconscious level
73
when do we know the ANS is activated
fight or flight
74
the ANS tries to maintain
homeostasis
75
the ANS is comprised of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, t or f
true
76
which ANS system is responsible for fight or flight
sympathetic
77
the sympathetic division stems from the
spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar spine)
78
the neuro transmitter at the pre-ganglionic junction of the sympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
79
what neuro transmitter will be at the 1st ganglionic synapse (at the target organ) in the sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
80
what type of receptor do you have to have for norepinephrine
alpha and beta
81
is the sympathetic division adrenergic or cholinergic
adrenergic
82
is the parasympathetic adrenergic or cholinergic
cholinergic
83
the parasympathetic comes from the
medulla and spinal cord at the sacrum
84
what neurotransmitter will be at the pre-ganglionic junction AND the 1st ganglionic synapse of the parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine - for both
85
receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system
nicotinic and muscarininc
86
neurotransmitters can be excitatory, inhibitory, or both
both
87
neurotransmitters will continue to combine with receptor sites at post-synaptic membranes until they are
inactivated by enzymes taken up by pre-synaptic endings diffused away form synaptic region
88
what are the meninges
membranes covering the brain/spinal cord
89
meninges consist of 3 parts
Pia matter, arachnoid, dura matter
90
the spinal cord usually stops around
L-1; L-2
91
the circle of Willis
acts as safety valve during occlusion of the pathway | supplies blood to the brain
92
what is unique about the veins in the brain
no valves in the brain

Patho - Neuro (6 decks)

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