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aNeuro exam 4: Lindsey's > Neuro Review- First Aid- pg 480-485 > Flashcards

Neuro Review- First Aid- pg 480-485 Flashcards

(37 cards)

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1
Q

This is the central area of the retina.

A

the macula

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2
Q

What is the motor component of CNIII?

A
  • output to ocular muscles
  • defect –> ptosis, down and out gaze
  • damage caused from vascular disease (ie DM)
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3
Q

What are the histologic/gross findings in Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • widespread cortical atrophy
  • widening of sulci, narrowing of gyri
  • decreased ACh
  • senile plaques (beta-amyloid)
  • neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein)
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4
Q

Dx?

  • rapidly progressive (weeks-months) dementia
  • startle myoclonus
  • spongiform cortex
  • prion disease (beta-pleated sheets)
A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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5
Q

What is the Charcot classic triad of MS?

A

SIN

  • s = scanning speech
  • I - intention tremor/incontinence/internuclear opthalmoplegia (INO)
  • n = nystagmus
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6
Q

Lewy body dementia

A
  • dementia
  • visual hallucinations
  • parkinsonian features
  • alpha-synuclein defect
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7
Q

Dx?

  • dementia
  • visual hallucinations
  • parkinsonian features
  • alpha-synuclein defect
A

Lewy body dementia

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8
Q

normal pupillary light reflex

A

light enters retina –> CNII signals pretectal nuclei in midbrain –> activate Edigner-Westfall nuclei BILATERALLY –> pupils contract BILATERALLY

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9
Q

Dx?

  • separation of neurosensory layer (rods/cones) from outermost layer (pigmented epi) of retina
  • causes photoreceptors to degenerate –> vision loss
  • due to retinal breaks, diabetic traction, inflammatory effusions
  • “like a curtain drawn down”
  • surgical emergency!
A

retinal detachment

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10
Q

CNIII: sensory, motor, or both?

A

motor

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11
Q

light enters retina –> CNII signals pretectal nuclei in midbrain –> activate Edigner-Westfall nuclei BILATERALLY –> pupils contract BILATERALLY

A

normal pupillary light reflex

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12
Q

MS spinal tap findings

A
  • increased IgG
  • oligoclonial bands
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13
Q

MS MRI findings

A
  • periventricular plaques (oligodendrocyte loss and reactive gliosis)
  • destruction of axons
  • multiple white matter lesions separated in space and time
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14
Q

What neurons and CNs control miosis (pupillary constriction)?

A
  1. Edinger-Westfall nucleus –> ciliary ganglion via CNIII
  2. short ciliary nerves –> pupillary sphincter muscles
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15
Q

Dx?

  • dementia
  • aphasia
  • parkinsonians
  • change in personality
  • pick bodies (tau protein)
  • frontotemporal atrophy
A

Pick disease (frontotemporal dementia)

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16
Q

Tx for MS

Study These Flashcards
A
  • beta-interferon
  • immunosuppression
  • natalizumab
17
Q

What is the NT change in Alzheimer’s disease?

Study These Flashcards
A

decreased ACh

18
Q

retinal detachment

Study These Flashcards
A
  • separation of neurosensory layer (rods/cones) from outermost layer (pigmented epi) of retina
  • causes photoreceptors to degenerate –> vision loss
  • due to retinal breaks, diabetic traction, inflammatory effusions
  • “like a curtain drawn down”
  • surgical emergency!
19
Q

MS definition

Study These Flashcards
A
  • autoimmune inflammation and demyelination of CNS
  • optic neuritis (Marcus Gunn pupils)
  • internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)
  • hemiparesis
  • hemisensory symptoms
  • bladder/bowel incontinence
  • white women 20-30yo
20
Q

What is a Marcus Gunn pupil? What’s is assoc. with?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • an afferent pupillary defect (APD)
  • optic nerve damage or severe retinal injury- MS***
  • decreased bilateral pupillary constriction when light is shone in affected eye relative to unaffected eye
  • test with swinging flashlight test
21
Q

What is the parasymp. component of CNIII?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • output, esp. on periphery
  • defect –> diminished/absent pupillary light reflex, blown pupil, down and out gaze damage due to compression (PCA aneurism, uncal herniation)
22
Q

Dx?

  • autoimmune inflammation and demyelination of CNS
  • optic neuritis (Marcus Gunn pupils)
  • internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)
  • hemiparesis
  • hemisensory symptoms
  • bladder/bowel incontinence
  • white women 20-30yo
23
Q

Dx?

  • widespread cortical atrophy
  • widening of sulci, narrowing of gyri
  • decreased ACh
  • senile plaques (beta-amyloid)
  • neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein)
Study These Flashcards
A

Alzheimer’s disease

24
Q

What is the macula?

Study These Flashcards
A

the central area of the retina

25
What protein is protective for Alzheimer's? What chromosome is it found on?
ApoE2 (Ch.19)
26
Dementia
a decrease in cognitive ability, memory, or function with intact consciousness
27
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
* rapidly progressive (weeks-months) dementia * startle myoclonus * spongiform cortex * prion disease (beta-pleated sheets)
28
Dx? * disorder of conjugate lateral gaze * medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) lesions * CN III and VI * affected eye adducts minimally, if at all * contralateral eye abducts with nystagmus * divergence of the eyes leads to horizontal diplopia * convergence preserved * common in MS
internuclear opthalmoplegia (INO)
29
Pick disease (frontotemporal dementia)
* dementia * aphasia * parkinsonians * change in personality * pick bodies (tau protein) * frontotemporal atrophy
30
Name the finding. * an afferent pupillary defect (APD) * optic nerve damage or severe retinal injury- MS\*\*\* * decreased bilateral pupillary constriction when light is shone in affected eye relative to unaffected eye * test with swinging flashlight test
Marcus Gunn pupil
31
What does damage to CNIII result in?
* diminished/absent pupillary light reflex * blown pupil * ptosis * down and out gaze
32
Alzheimer's disease altered proteins and associated chromosomes
* early onset = * APP (Ch21) * presenilin-1 (Ch14) * presenilin-2(Ch1) * late onset = ApoE4 (Ch19)
33
a decrease in cognitive ability, memory, or function with intact consciousness
dementia
34
SIN * s = scanning speech * I - intention tremor/incontinence/internuclear opthalmoplegia (INO) * n = nystagmus
Charcot classic triad of MS
35
How is amyloid-beta synthesized?
cleaving amyloid precursor protein (APP) by gamma-secretase
36
What is internuclear opthalmoplegia (INO)?
* disorder of conjugate lateral gaze * medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) lesions * CN III and VI * affected eye adducts minimally, if at all * contralateral eye abducts with nystagmus * divergence of the eyes leads to horizontal diplopia * convergence preserved * common in MS
37
What neurons and CNs control mydriasis (pupillary dilation)?
1. hypothalamus --\> ciliospinal center of Budge (C8-T2) 2. exit at T1 --\> superior cervical ganglion 3. plexus along internal carotid --\> cavernous sinus --\> orbit as long ciliary nerve --\> pupillary dilator muscles

aNeuro exam 4: Lindsey's (37 decks)

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