Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 > Neuro - self study > Flashcards

Neuro - self study Flashcards

1
Q

Majority of hydrocephalus patients have?

A

myelomeningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What sides of the brain are affected in myoclonic seizures?

A

Both sides of the brain affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of seizures?

A

75% of seizures have an unknown origin
Other causes:
Trauma
Tumor or lesion in brain
Infectious disease in brain
Genetic – low threshold for stimuli
Epilepsy – abnormal neurons
Metabolic disorders – alcohol/drug withdrawal
Degenerative diseases – Alzheimer’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is spina bifida diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed prenatally – maternal serological testing and prenatal ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Myelomeningicele neural tube defect?

A

hernial protrusion of saclike cyst – contains meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord – 80% are located in the lumbar and lumbosacral regions – most common affecting 1 in 1200 infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are infants with spina bifida deceived? Why?

A

Infants are delivered via c-section to minimize trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteritics of a absence - petit mall seizure?

A

Sudden onset

Impaired responsiveness

< 30 sec

Blank out or stare into space for a few seconds < 15 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can risk be decreased for spina bifida?

A

Risk could be decreased by 70% with a vitamin B Folic Acid supplement – taken by women before they are pregnant so that it is in their system during that first month of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are Myelomeningicele neural tube defects located? What do they contain?

A

contains meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord – 80% are located in the lumbar and lumbosacral regions –

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cerebral palsy risk factors?

A

prenatal or perinatal cerebral hypoxia, hemorrhage, infection, genetic abnormalities, or low birth weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 stages of a tonic-clonic - grand mal seizure?

A

1.) Prodromal – feeling or sensation, can be hours or days before (20% will have a prodromal feeling)

2.) Early ictal – aura (65% will have an aura)

3.) Ictal – actual seizure – muscle movements

4.) Post Ictal – recovery phase – some immediately, some takes minutes, hours, or days – weak, sore, tired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symptoms infants will have if they have spina bifida?

A

Loss of motor, sensory, reflex, and autonomic function below the cyst if spinal column involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can status epileptics lead to?

A

Can lead to maladaptive mechanisms leading to permanent changes in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does an MRI, CBC, and EEG look at?

A

MRI – atrophy, abnormalities, tumours

CBC, glucose, liver, and kidney functions – causative factors, rule out other conditions

EEG – confirms electrical abnormalities, type and location of seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What areas of the brain are damaged with dystonia non-spastic cerebral palsy?

A

damage to the basal ganglia, or extrapyramidal tracts –

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is broad gait used to maintain in Ataxia cerebral palsy?

A

broad gait to maintain balance, tremor in intentional movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

85% of children with spina bifida will also have hydrocephalus? What is it?

A

water on the brain”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a seizure?

A

Sudden transient disruption in brain electrical function caused by excessive discharges of cortical neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Characteristics of a myoclonic seizure?

A

Sudden muscle contractions

Often occurs in limbs or face

Brief shock-like jerks of a muscle or group of muscles lasts a few seconds

Sensation of electrical shock, clumsy, jerking movements

Person is awake and can think clearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is status epilepticus in epilepsy?

A

Seizure activity lasting longer than 30 minutes – or rapidly recurring seizures before the person regains consciousness

Medical emergency that can cause brain death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Cerebral palsy?

A

It is a – non-progressive disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture

One of the most crippling disorders of childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characteritics of a absence - petit mall seizure?

A

Sudden onset

Impaired responsiveness

< 30 sec

Blank out or stare into space for a few seconds < 15 seconds

23
Q

What 3 things might be present in cerebral palsy?

A

Diplegia, hemiplegia, or tetraplegia

24
Q

Potential causes of hydrocephalus?

A

Potential causes – blockage in ventricular system, imbalance of production of CSF, or reduced absorption of CSF

25
Q

What can set off Absence -perir Mal seizures?

A

Can be set off by a period of hyperventilation –often go unnoticed

26
Q

Precipitating risk factors/triggers for seizures?

A

– triggers:
Lack of sleep
Missed meals
Emotional stress
Alcohol intake
Fever
Flashing lights
Music
Reading

27
Q

What is the most common neural tube defect? What kind of defect is it?

A

The most common is spina bifida which is a posterior defect

28
Q

What are near tube defects caused by?

A

caused by an arrest in the normal development in the brain and spinal column during the first month of pregnancy – usually before the mother knows she is pregnant

29
Q

What percentage of children under the age of 5 diagnosed with?

A

44% of children diagnosed with epilepsy are under 5 years of age

30
Q

What area of the brain is damaged with Ataxia cerebral palsy?

A

Ataxia (5-10%) – damage to the cerebellum with alterations in coordination and movement

31
Q

What is a meningocele neural tube defect?

A

Meningocele - ac like cyst of meninges filled with spinal fluid – minor form – does not involve the spinal column – may have no neurologic symptoms – occurs equally in the cervical, thoracic, & lumbar sections of spine

32
Q

What percentage of children under the age of 5 diagnosed with?

A

44% of children diagnosed with epilepsy are under 5 years of age

33
Q

Tonic phase Vs Clonic phase for seizures?

A

Tonic phase – muscle contraction with increased tone

Clonic phase – alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles

34
Q

Kids with dystonia non-spastic cerebral palsy have difficulty with?

A

difficulty in fine motor coordination and purposeful movements – stiff, slow, & uncontrolled

35
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Spina bifida is a failure of the vertebrae to close

36
Q

What is cerebral palsy caused by?

A

Caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain, before, during, or up to 1 year after birth

37
Q

What is Non-spastic dystonia cerebral palsy?

A

Dystonia(muscles contract uncontrollably) (10-20%) –

damage to the basal ganglia, or extrapyramidal tracts –

38
Q

If a child has more than 1 unproved seizure what are they diagnosed with?

A

Epilepsy

39
Q

What is Spastic cerebral palsy? Symptoms?

A

damage to the corticospinal pathways –

increased muscle tone, persistent primitive reflexes (rooting, stepping, grasping, Moro), hyperactive DTR, clonus, rigidity of the extremities, scoliosis, and contractures

40
Q

Characteristics of a simple partial seizure?

A

No aura

Sudden onset

Unusual taste in mouth, vomiting, sweating, facial twitching

Will not lose consciousness – will last 1-2 minutes

Localized area

Have a feeling that something is not right

41
Q

Signs and symptoms of febrile seizures?

A

loss of consciousness
twitchingor jerking of arms and legs.
breathing difficulty.
foaming at the mouth.
cyanosis
eye rolling

42
Q

What is an eye witness count test?

A

looks at time, type, precipitating factors, loss of consciousness, head injury

43
Q

What are Febrile seizures?

A

– benign seizure occurs with high body temperature

2-5% of children between the ages of 6 months to 5 years –

44
Q

What is a simple partial seizure?

A

Focal seizure – will only affect one are of the brain

45
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Recurrence of seizures and type of seizure disorder for which no underlying, correctable cause for the seizure can be found

A chronic seizure disorder with recurrent, unprovoked seizures

46
Q

What happens if hydrocephalus occurs before fusion if the cranial structures?

A

If it occurs before fusion of cranial sutures the cranium can expand to accommodate

47
Q

What does hydrocephalus cause?

A

Present at birth

Increased CSF pressure

48
Q

What happens to the electrical activity in petit Mal seizures?

A

Brief abnormal electrical activity – both sides of the brain involved

49
Q

Characteristics of a tonic-clonic - grand mal seizure?

A

Generalized

Loss of consciousness

Increased muscle tone

Muscle jerking

Usually starts on both sides of the brain

Lasts 1-3 minutes take longer to recover

50
Q

Approx how long does it take from a febrile seizure? At what age are they typically outgrown?

A

10 to 15 minutes to wake up properly afterwards.

Tend to outgrow by age 5

51
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

Spina bifida occulta – no protrusion

52
Q

What does hydrocephalus cause?

A

Present at birth

Increased CSF pressure

53
Q

What can states epileptics in epilepsy cause?

A

Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine cause physiological changes

HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions