Neuro Test 2 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
The adrenal medulla secretes…
A
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
2
Q
All preganglionic neurons in ANS release what NM which binds to what receptors on the post ganglionic neuron?
A
Acetylcholine and binds to Nicotinic receptors
2
Q
Postganglionic neurons in PNS release what NM which binds to what receptors on the target tissues?
A
Acetylcholine and binds to muscarinic receptors
3
Q
Most sympathetic post ganglion release what NM which binds to what receptors?
A
Norepinephrine and binds to Adrenergic receptors
4
Q
Parasympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord do what function?
A
Emptying of bladder and bowel and erection of penis/clitoris
5
Q
Parasympathetic fibers are distributed in the following cranial nerves how?
CN3
CN7
CN7 and CN9
CN10
A
CN3- constricts pupils and increases convexity of pupils
CN7- lacrimal glands
CN7 and 9- salivary glands
CN10- heart smooth muscle of lungs and digestive system
6
Q
What do alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2 receptors do?
A
Alpha 1- vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, sphincter contraction
Alpha 2- modulating sympathetic outflow
Beta 1- increases heart rate
Beta 2- bronchodilation, vasodilation
7
Q
Which muscle tone abnormality often improves temporarily with movement or voluntary effort?
A
Spasticity
8
Q
Which part of the motor unit is primarily responsible for initiating the stretch reflex?
A
Muscle spindle
9
Q
In Parkinson’s Disease, dopamine depletion results in:
A
excessive activity of globus pallidus internus
10
Q
Where are these basal ganglia structures located?
Caudate
Putamen
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic Nucleus
A
Caudate and Putamen located in Telencephalon
Substantia Nigra in Midbrain
Subthalamic Nucleus in Diencephalon
11
Q
What is huntington’s disease/chorea?
What neurons are lost in what basal ganglia structures so there is less input to what structure?
What are choreiform movements?
A
Autosomal dominant hereditary disorder causes
cortical and striatum (esp putamen) progressive
degeneration
90% loss of subset of GABA-ergic inhibitory
neurons in putamen and caudate so less input to
GPe
Loss of excitatory output of subthalamic nucleus
to GPi causing ballistic involuntary movements of
limbs called Choreiform movements:
12
Q
What is dystonia?
Examples include…
A
involuntary sustained muscle contractions, causing abnormal
posture, twisting and repetitive movements
Writers or musician’s cramp
13
Q
Putamen and globus pallidus form the…
A
lentiform nucleus
14
Q
What are the inputs to the basal ganglia?
A
Striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, and subthalamic nucleus
15
Q
Goal Directed Behavior Loop Deficits
A
Decision making deficits, distractibility, poor short term memory, poor concentration, inattention
16
Q
Social Behavior Loop Deficits
A
Indifference, easy to anger, impulsivity, risky behaviors
17
Q
Emotion Loop Deficits
A
Left basal ganglia stroke causing depression and dulling of emotions, impaired reward seeking, addiction
18
Q
Oculomotor Loop Deficits
A
Poor Saccadic eye movements
19
Q
Voluntary Muscle Activity Pathway (Basal Ganglia)
A
Through motor thalamus to motor tract cell bodies in cortex
20
Q
Postural and proximal limb muscle activity (Basal Ganglia)
A
Through pedunculopontine nucleus in midbrain to reticulospinal tracts to spinal motor nerves
21
Q
Walking (Basal Ganglia)
A
Through midbrain locomotor region to reticulospinal tracts to stepping pattern generators
22
Q
The cerebellum equals what percentage of total brain volume??
Has how many number of neurons more than cerebral cortex?
A
10%
4x
23
Q
Function of Cerebellar Anterior Lobe, Posterior Lobe, Flocculonodular Lobe?
A
Anterior Lobe- motor coordination for trunk and proximal limbs
Posterior Lobe- fine motor coordination of distal limbs
Flocculonodular Lobe- balance and eye movements
24
Function, Anatomical Zone and Cerebellar nuclei of Cerebrocerebellum
Motor planning and fine movements, Lateral Hemisphere, dentate nucleus
25
Function, Anatomical Zone and Cerebellar nuclei of Spinocerebellum
Motor Execution, Vermis and intermediate hemisphere, fastigial nucleus and interposed nucleus
26
Function, Anatomical Zone and Cerebellar nuclei of Vestibulocerebellum
Balance and eye movement, floculonodular lobe, vestibular nuclei
27
White matter structures in Cerebellum?
Superior middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle
Arbor vitae
28
Superior Cerebella Peduncle made up of what and projects where?
Afferents come from where?
Mostly efferent
Projecting to motor nuclei of thalamus, relaying signal to UMN in primary and premotor cortices
Projecting to red nucleus
Afferents come from anterior spinocerebellar tract
29
Middle Cerebellar peduncle made up of what and projections arise from where?
Mostly afferents
Arise from contralateral pontine nuclei from cerebral cortex and superior colliculus
30
Inferior Cerebella Peduncles made up of what and arise from where?
Efferent project to?
Afferents and efferents
afferents arise from vestibular apparatus, SC, and inferior olivary nucleus
Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts
31
Gray Matter areas of the Cerebellum?
Cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei
32
The deep cerebellar nuclei is made up from (lateral to medial)?
What is their function?
Dentate, Emboliform, globose, fastigial
transmit information to and from the cerebellum via peduncles
33
Dentate nucleus size receives projections from where, and function
The largest of the deep cerebellar nuclei
receives projections from lateral hemispheres
active just before voluntary movements= predictive anticipatory
34
Emboliform and Globose are also known as? Receives input from where? and their function?
Interposed nuclei
Receives input from intermediate hemisphere (distal limb muscles)
Active during and in relation to movement
35
Fastigial receives input from where?
Vermis and from flocculonodular lobe
36
What are the 3 cortical layers of the cerebellum?
What matter are they?
gray matter
Purkinje, granular,, and molecular layers
37
The molecular and granular layers have interneurons including?
granule, stellate, golgi, basket cells
38
The purkinje layer has?
they inhibit what nuclei?
Purkinje cell bodies
inhibit cerebellar and vestibular nuclei
39
Mossy and climbing fibers transmit what Neurotransmitters?
The mossy fibers start where transmitting info about what?
The climbing fibers start where transmitting info about what?
afferent excitatory NM
Mossy fibers- start in pons and SC transmitting info about balance arousal somatosensory, cerebral cortex info into cerebellum
Climbing fibers start in inferior olivary nucleus transmitting info about movement errors into cerebellum
40
Molecular Layer Interneurons and Neurotransmitters?
Stellate Cells (inhibitory interneuron) and releases GABA and taurine
Basket Cells (inhibitory interneuron) and releases GABA
41
Purkinje Cell Layer interneurons and Neurotransmitter?
Purkinje Cells (inhibits the deep cerebellar nuclei) and releases GABA
42
Granular Layer interneurons and Neurotransmitter?
Golgi cells (inhibitory interneuron) and releases GABA
Granular Cells has GABA receptors (excitatory interneuron) and releases Glutamate
43
Input and output to Vestibulocerebellar tract
Input- vestibular nerve, nuclei, and cerebellum
Output- flocculonodular lobe, vestibular nuclei, impacts postural control vis medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts
44
Input Pathway for Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
Main origin of input is the leg proprioceptors (type 1a)
Enters the SC via DRG and ascend in the gracile fasiculus
Fibers form synapses in Nucleus dorsalis of Clark
Tract runs ipsilaterally
These fibers give rise to mossy fibers that travel to the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
45
Input pathway for the Cuneocerebellar tract
Main origin of input are arm proprioceptors (type 1a)
Enters the SC through the DRG and ascend in the cuneate fasciculus
tract runs ipsilaterally and synapses in the external cuneate nucleus in the medulla
To the inferior cerebellar peduncle to the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex
46
Input pathway for Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
Main origin of input are leg interneurons (type 1b)
enters the SC via DRG and will cross at anterior commissure of spinal cord
ascends contralaterally via the spinocerebellar tract
will join Superior cerebellar peduncle and cross over to reach cerebellum on same side when tract started
47
Input Pathway for Rostral spinocerebellar tract
Main Origin of input are the arm interneurons (type 1b)
enters the SC through DRG
tract runs ipsilaterally and ascend via the rostral spinocerebellar tract
Fibers enter the cerebellum through superior and inferior cerebellar peduncle
48
What are your high fidelity pathways?
What are your high input pathways?
Posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts- relay high accuracy
Anterior spinocerebellar tract and rostral spinocerebellar tracts
49
Purkinje cells project to where?
Vermis to where?
Intermediate zone to where?
Deep cerebellar nuclei
vermis to medial motor tracts
intermediate zone to lateral motor tracts
50
Output of the vermis?
Vermis--> purkinje cells project to the fastigial nuclei--> brainstem and thalamus--> cerebral cortex
51
Output of the intermediate zone?
Intermediate zone--> purkinje cells project to interposed nuclei--> thalamus--> cerebral cortex-> corticospinal and rubrospinal
52
Closed Cerebro cerebello cerebral loop?
1. information comes from motor and premotor cortices
2. information travels down pontine nuclei
3. then enters the contralateral cereberal cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle
4. then information travels out via dentate nucleus
5. leaves via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the thalamus
6. ends back up at cerebral cortex
7. information is finally transmitted via lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts
53
Blood Supply of the Cerebellum
Superior Cerebellar Artery- off basilar artery and supplies superior and middle cerebellar peduncles
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery- basilar artery and supplies middle cerebellar peduncle and anterior inferior cerebellum
Posterior Inferior cerebellar Artery - comes off verterbral artery and supplies inferior vermis, inferior cerebellar peduncle and inferior aspects of cerebellum
54
how can you test dysmetria or intention tremor?
Undershooting or overshooting target can use finger to nose task
56
What is the function of the temperoparietal association cortex?
Congnitive intelligence
57
What are the frontal lobe association areas?
Dorsolateral prefrontal area- self awareness and executive function
Medial lateral prefrontal area- perceives others emotions
Ventral prefrontal cortex- connects with areas of mood
58
Most brain functions are what and what?
What percentage of people are right handed which means they are what side dominant?
Handedness and lateralizarion present till what age?
What happens if lesion at younger age?
Bilateral and fairly symmetrical
90% of people are right handed which means they are left hemispheric dominant
3 and 4 years old
If lesion occurs at younger age, language and other dominant side functions move to non dominant side
59
What are disconnection syndromes?
What is a corpus callosotomy?
Lesions in white matter occur, disconnect between 2 or more cortical areas
Split brain procedure especially in those with severe epilepsy
60
Alertness comes from the normal functioning of the…
Diencephalon and brain stem area
61
Attention comes from what….
Brain stem, diencephalon and frontoparietal association cortex
62
Awareness function?
Ability to summarize higher order functions into efficient summary of mental activity
Subjective and personal experiences
63
The reticular formation is embedded in the and runs through?
Tegmentum and runs through the entire brain stem
64
Rostral reticular formation and related structures
RF from the upper pons and midbrain is continuous with certain nuclei of diencephalon rostrally to maintain alert conscious state in the forebrain
65
Caudal reticular formation and related structures
RF with pons and medulla continues with intermediate zone of SC and carries out motor, autonomic and reflex functions
66
Seratonin from where and function?
Raphe nucleus and generalized arousal level
67
Norepinephrine from where and function?
Locus Coreolus and Medial reticular zone
Autonomic function and attention
68
Acetycholine from where and function?
The pedunculopontine nucleus and for objection of attention
69
Dopamine from what area and function?
Ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
Motivation and cognition
70
Coma occurs from what?
Lesions where do not lead to coma?
Lesion in rostral reticular formation
Bilateral cerebral cortex
Bilateral thalamus
More caudal and ventral brain stem lesions
71
What are the different types of attention?
Sustained- non distractibility
Switching- able to switch attention between 2 tasks
Selective- more attention to 1 task
Divided- can put attention on 2 or more tasks
72
The cerebral cortex is made up of what kind of matter? Mostly what kind of cells?
Gray matter
Granular cells and pyramidal cells which are the major output neuron of cerebral cortex
73
Most of the cerebral cortex has how many layers?
All do except for which two areas which have how many layers?
6 layers except for olfactory and medial temporal cortices which has 3
74
What are brodman's area?
Function?
A map of the cortex that distinguishes 52 histologic areas
Helpful particularly during surgical techniques or research to designate cortical lesions
75
Where does the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex receive sensory information?
the thalamic nuclei
76
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located? Function?
Within central sulcus and postcentral gyrus
Discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects
77
Where is the primary auditory cortex located? Function?
within lateral fissures and superior temporal lobe
conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds
78
Where is the primary visual cortex located? Function?
Within calcarine sulcus and adjacent gyri
distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, location and movement of objects
79
Where is the primary vestibular cortex located? Function?
within posterior end of lateral fissure in parieto-insular cortex and inferior parietal lobe
discriminates among head positions and movements related to gravity
80
What is the function of the secondary somatosensory cortex?
analyzes information from the primary sensory cortex and thalamus
integrates tactile and proprioceptive information obtained from manipulating an object
provides stereognosis and memory of tactile and spatial environment
81
What is the function of the secondary auditory cortex?
Contrasts sounds heard from memory and categorizes them
82
What is the function of the secondary visual cortex?
analyzes colors and movements
output to superior colliculus directs visual fixation, keeping item in central vision
83
Pathway of Somatosensory cortex
Thalamus--> primary somatosensory cortext (S1)-->Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)--> posterior parietal cortex (PPC)
84
What hemisphere is primary vestibular cortex in while some evidence suggests?
Right hemisphere but some evidence suggests both
84
What is the posterior parietal cortex?
Receives projections from where?
Secondary sensory and association cortex
Receives projections from S1 S2 Visual system and others involved in motivation and attention forming highest level of somatosensory processing
Sends outputs to motor systems critical for integration of sensory and motor info
85
In the primary visual cortex, the information travels from...
Retina to lateral geniculate body to primary visual cortex
86
Information processed by the secondary visual cortex flows in two directions, what two directions?
Dorsally: action stream
from secondary visual cortex dorsally thru PPC to frontal lobe
adjusts limb movements
Ventrally: perception stream
from secondary visual cortex ventrally to temporal lobe
recognizing object
87
Where is the parietotemporal association cortex located? Function?
at junction of parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
intelligence, problem solving, understanding of communication, spatial relationship
88
What is the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function?
self awareness and executive function
89
What is the function of the ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortices?
Ventral- mood and affect
Medial dorsal- perceives others emotions and makes assumptions about what others believe
90
What is the function of the primary motor cortex and is the source of neurons in what tract?
Execution and controls contralateral fractionated movement
source of most neurons of corticospinal tract
91
What is the function of the premotor cortex? Contains 20-30% of corticospinal tract neurons in where?
Execution and planning and anticipatory postural adjustments
in trunk and shoulder girdle
92
What is the function of the supplemental motor area?
Motor planning, motor initiation, and planning bimanual and sequential movements
93
What is agnosia? caused by?
the general term for the inability to recognize things using a specific sense
caused by a lesion or damage to secondary sensory areas
94
What is astereognosis? lesion to what area?
The inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite having intact discriminative somatosensorial
Lesion to secondary somatosensory area
95
What is visual agnosia? it is a disorder of what?
inability to recognize objects despite having intact vision, can describe the shape and size of objects using vision but cannot identify
disorders of ventral visual stream
96
What is prosopagnosia? associated with?
Inability to visually identify people's faces
bilateral damage to the inferior secondary visual areas
97
What is auditory agnosia?
If the lesion affects the left secondary auditory cortex, what happens?
If the lesion affects the right secondary auditory cortex, what happens?
Can perceive sounds but cannot recognize sounds
Left- unable to understand speech
Right- interferes with interpretation of environmental sounds
98
What is anosognosia?
Occurs in some people with severe...
Associated with lesion to...
Inability to recognize own deficits
hemiparesis and personal neglect
right anterior insula
99
What is homonymous hemianopsia?
a complete lesion of the visual pathway anywhere posterior to optic chiasm results in loss of information from the contralateral visual field
100
What is optic ataxia? occurs with damage to?
the inability to use visual information to direct movements, despite intact ability to visually identify and describe objects
damage to dorsal visual stream in the parietal lobe
101
What is hemineglect? Most commonly occurs with lesions to what part?
What sides neglect is most common?
failure to report or respond stimuli present on contralateral side
Right parietal or right frontal lobes
usually left sided neglect because right parietal cortex dominates control of attention
102
Personal neglect vs Spatial neglect?
personal neglect- failure to direct attention, affecting awareness of one's own body parts
Spatial neglect- lack of understanding of spatial relationships
103
Constructional apraxia/dyspraxia?
Ideational apraxia/dyspraxia?
Ideomotor apraxia/dyspraxia?
Gait apraxia?
Constructional- interferes with the ability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole
Ideational- inability to use objects appropriately, esp when sequence is necessary
Ideomotor- inability to develop motor sequence, especially to command or to mimic activity
Gait Apraxia- abnormal gait characterized by slow shuffling steps where feet barely lift from ground
104
Epilepsy may cause...
Involuntary movements, disruption of autonomic regulation, illusions and hallucinations may occur
105
Absence seizures vs tonic clonic seizures?
absence- brief loss of consciousness without motor manifestations
tonic clonic- start with tonic contraction of skeletal muscles followed by alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles
106
Functional Movement disorders
Hoover sign?
Give way weakness?
whack a mole sign?
Hoover sign- weak hip extension intially, but with contralateral sitting hip flexion, hip extensors strong
Give way weakness- strong but then abrupt collapse
Whack a mole sign- if you restrain a tremor in a body part- it surfaces in another
107
What system is the fastest sense, the first line of defense against falls?
Somatosensory Systems
108
How does VOR work?
Stabilizes vision by moving the eyes in the opposite direction of the head moving
109
How are the semi circular canals oriented inside your head?
Anterior- flexion, extension
Lateral- rotation
Posterior- sidebending
110
The SCC has what at base of canal that contains the what with hair cells embedded in it?
Describe what happens when head moves to the left...
Ampulla and cupula
fluid in canals lag behind
lag displaces cupula at the same time
thus neural activity in L canal goes up while the activity in R canal goes down
111
What are the otoliths? Function?
Contain the utricle and saccule
sense linear acceleration
Utricle- senses horizontal movement
Saccule- senses vertical movement
112
What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)? Most common in which SCC?
most common peripheral vestibular dysfunction
otoconia become dislodged from the utricle or saccule and are displaced into the SCC
posterior semicircular canal most gravity dependent part
113
Causes for BPPV?
Risk factors for BPPV?
Symptoms?
idiopathic, head trauma, inflammation, ischemia, pressure fluctuations
age, female, vitD deficiency, hypertension, migraine, hyperlipidemia
brief spells of vertigo with changed in head position
114
What is cupulolithiasis?
Vertigo?
otoconia fall off otolith and adhere to capula of PSCC making Capula more dense than endolymph
Immediate onset of vertigo when head moved in provoking position because crystals aren't free floating. Vertigo and nystagmus present as long as head in provoking position.
115
What is canalithiasis?
Vertigo?
otoconia fall off otolith and are free floating in arm of PSCC
Fluctuating intensity of vertigo and nystagmus but goes away within 1 minute of being held in provoking position
116
What is vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis?
inflammation of the inner ear or vestibular nerve causing vestibular hyperstimulation and may result in damage leading to vestibular hypofunction
Neuritis- no hearing gloss
Labyrinthitis- hearing loss and tinnitus
117
Cause of vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis?
Symptoms?
Hallmark of diagnosis?
viral infection in 98% of cases; head trauma
sudden onset of vertigo, nausea and vomiting lasts 3-7 days with residual balance and dizziness lasting 1-2 weeks
Direction fixed of nystagmus and if it occurs in 1 2 3 degree of gaze
118
What are the two classifications of nystagmus?
Physiologic- induced by normal stimuli
Pathologic- abnormal, can appear with/ without stimulation; 4 types
119
What are the 4 types of pathologic nystagmus?
Spontaneous- due to peripheral or central vestibular problem
Positional- can be paroxysmal or static
Gaze evoked- eyes drift toward center, constant corrective saccades to reset gaze
congenital- since birth or infancy
120
Torsional/rotary nastagmus vs downbeat/upbeat nystagmus?
torsional- peripheral or brainstem dysfunction
downbeat- central (cerebellar) dysfunction or could be peripheral
121
Information from visceral receptors enters the CNs via two routes...
In the brainstem, the information converges where?
1. spinal cord via dorsal roots
2. brainstem via cranial nerves 7,9,10
the solitary nucleus
122
Motor symptoms of parkinson's disease?
T- tremor
R- rigidity
A- akinesia
P- postural instability
123
The sympathetic nervous system arises from which spinal levels?
What is one function that does not make sense to sympathetic?
T1-L3, interomeolateral nucleus in the lateral horn
Vasodilation to active muscles
Vasoconstriction to gut and skin
124
Efferent to the head
The neural circuit originates in the _____ and synapses in ____-
hypothalamus; upper thoracic SC and upper cervical ganglion
125
The parasympathetic nervous system arises from which spinal levels?
S2-S4 arise from sacral parasympathetic nuclei
125
Parasympathetic fibers can be found in cranial nerves...
3- oculomotor nucleus
7- superior salivatory nucleus
9- inferior sallivatory nucleus
9,10- nucleus ambiguous
10- dorsal motor nucleus
126
Sympathetic that control what are not countered by parasympathetics?
Parasympathics that increase what are not opposed?
limbs, face, body wall, and raising eyelid
increase convexity of lens of eye
127
What organs only have sympathetic activity? parasympathetic activity?
Sweat glands and adrenal medulla
external genitalia
128
How do the SNS and PNS work together during freeze fight flight?
First structure activated? Sends Info where?
Bradycardia and immobility combined with heightened alertness to prepare for action
Amygdala recognizes threat exists and sends info to hypothalamus and anterior medulla to stimulate SNS
Also sends info to PNS to midbrain causing CN 10 to reduce HR and inhibit neurons of medulla to inhibit skeletal contractions
Once fight/flight starts PNS output decreases and sympathetic output increases
129
What is Horner's syndrome?
Symptoms?
lesion affecting the sympathetic pathway to the head, will show ipsilateral presentation
P- ptosis droopy eyelid
E- enophthalmos sunken appearance of eye
M- miosis pupillary constriction
I- impaired sweating
S- skin vasodilation
130
Autonomic Dysreflexia occurs in people?
Due to what stimuli?
Complete spinal cord injury above T5/T6
sympathetic overactivity below the level of the lesion
Below the level of injury, SNS becomes hyperactive in response to noxious stimuli
131
Signs and Symptoms of AD?
What to do if patient experiencing AD?
Rapid increase in HR
Bradycardia
pounding headache
sweating above level of lesion
flushing above level of lesion
cold pale skin BELOW level of lesion
induce orthostatic hypotension by sitting them up call 911, remove noxious stimuli
132
Subthalamic nucleus function?
functionally part of the what?
controlling and fine tuning movements
part of diencephalon but functionally apart of the basal ganglia
133
Epithalamus function? innervated by what fibers?
biggest structure of the epithalamus is?
regulation of circadian rhythm
sympathetic fibers
pineal gland/body
134
What is the intramedullary lamina?
What forms lateral wall of thalamus?
What separates the L from R thalamus?
Adjoined by what structure?
White matter that divides thalamus into anterior lateral and medial groups
thalamic reticular nucleus
3rd ventricle
massa intermedia
135
What is the blood supply to the thalamus?
deep branches of posterior cerebral arteries
thalamoperforator artery
thalamogeniculate artery
posterior choroidal artery
136
All thalamic nuclei project to the cerebral cortex except...
Most TRN contain what NM
thalamic reticular nucleus
GABA
137
What are the 3 functional groups of the thalamus?
Relay, association and non specific nuclei
138
What is pusher syndrome?
Thalamic lesion where there is strong pushing with less affected side towards weaker side
139
The hypothalamus forms the walls and floor of the inferior part of what?
What forms the posterior aspect of hypothalamus?
Separated from thalamus via??
3rd ventricle
mammillary bodies
hypothalamic sulcus
140
Hypothalamic functions?
H- homeostatic functions
E- endocrine control
A- autonomic function
L- limbic system
141
Signal as it passes in hypothalamus/ pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus--> infundibulum--> pituatary stalk--> pituatary gland
142
The anterior pituitary gland comes from what vs the posterior pituitary comes from what?
outgrowth of epithelial tissue (NOT NEURAL TISSUE)
comes from outgrowth of inferior brain in region of hypothalamus (neural tissue
143
Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland?
GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin
144
Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary gland?
ADH and oxytocin
145
Pituitary adenoma (tumor) arise from what gland?
Larger tumors can place pressure on what structure can can cause what?
anterior pituitary gland
optic chiasm and can cause bitemporal hemianopia
148
What is conduction aphasia?
Lesion of actuate fascicles or other connections between wernickes and brocas areas
149
Decerebate Rigidity Cause?
damage of the brainstem between the midbrain and pons
Rigid extension of limbs and trunk
Plantar flexion
Shoulder IR, elbow extension, finger and wrist flexion
150
Decorticate Rigidity cause?
Damage of the superior midbrain or severe bilateral lesions of the cerebral cortex
rigid extension of neck, trunk and lower limbs, plantar flexion, Shoulder IR, flexed elbows, wrists and finger flexion
151
Spasticity arises when pyramidal tract is interrupted at
Cerebral cortex
Corona radiata
internal capsule
152
Dorsal Lateral Reticulospinal tract is?
Ventral Medial reticulospinal tract is?
Dorsal lateral is inhbitory center
Ventral medial is excitatory center
153
1a reciprocal inhibition
1b non reciprocal inhibition
1a afferents of agonist muscle inhibit alpha motor neurons of antagonist muscle
GTO give rise to 1b afferents that project to inhibitory 1b interneurons
Inhibits MNs of homonymous muscle
154
What is neuroplasticity?
After an UMN lesion there may be reorginzation of spinal cord circuits leading to abnormal motor control
strengthening abnormal pathways leading to spasticity
155
Functions of dominant and non dominant hemispheres?
Dominant usually left hemisphere
Language, Skilled motor planning, math- analytic calculations, music- analytic in trained, following written directions
Nondominant usually right hemisphere
Prosody- emotion tone of voice, visual spatial analysis, math-estimate quantities, music in untrained individuals, navigating way due to sense of spatial awareness
156
Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens innervates what muscle?
3- superior, medial, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
4- superior oblique
6- lateral rectus
157
Selection of sensory strategy dependent on?
Individual, Task, environment
158
Movement of hair towards what structure?
Kinocilium, movement towards activation movement away causes deactivation
159
Inside the otoliths, Otoconia move..... of gel layer to bend hair cells?
on top of gel layer
160
What makes up the central vestibular components?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN8)
Vestibular nuclei
- lateral
-medial
- superior - relay center for ocular reflexes
- inferior- 2nd origin of medial vestibulospinal tract
Cerebellum
receives info from periphery as well as vestibular nuclei
161
Vestibulo Spinal Reflex?
Cervical ocular reflex?
Otolith ocular reflex?
Maintains head on body equilibrium inhibiting or facilitating skeletal muscle activity, control for balance
head position on body , taught as substitution for VOR when it is absent
horizontal and vertical eye movements
162
Types of central vestibular dysfunction?
Stroke Brain tumor
Anything affecting central vestibular connections in the brain or brainstem
163
Characteristics of central nystagmus?
Direction changing
not affected by fixation
constant
164
Characteristics of peripheral nystagmus?
Direction fixed
fatigable
decreases in intensity with fixation
