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Neuro Test 3 (final exam) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pathway for light entering the eye?

A

Retina in eyeball, optic nerve, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiation, primary visual cortex

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2
Q

Describe the pupillary light reflex

A

Afferent in CN 2
Efferent in CN 3

When light is shone into one eye, both pupils should constrict because of the connection between pretectal area and oculomotor nuclei

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3
Q

Pupil?
Iris?
Sclera?
Cornea?
Conjunctiva?
Extraocular muscles?
Optic nerve?

A

opening where light enters the eye

colored part

white part

glassy, transparent surface of eye. responsible for most of eyes refraction.

membrane that folds back from the eyelid and attaches to sclera

three pairs that move eye

bundle of axons from the retina

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissues of human eye?

A

Sclera and cornea
Choroid
Retina

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5
Q

Retina uses what to enable vision?
Purpose of the lens?

A

Phototransduction- light into electrical signals

Involved in forming sharp images of near objects closer than 9m)

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6
Q

Fovea has the_____?

A

smallest visual field and highest visual acuity, only cone receptors

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7
Q

Difference between rods and cones (photoreceptors in the retina)

A

rods- black and white, large receptive field
cones- colors, small receptive field

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8
Q

Light Pathway of neurons in the retina

A

Light–> cones/rods–> horizontal cells–>bipolar cells–> amacrine cells–> ganglion cells which form the optic nerve

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9
Q

For visual perception, 1st order neurons are in the ganglion cells, while the 2nd order neurons are in the ______

A

lateral geniculate body inside the thalamus

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10
Q

In occipital lobe along calcarine fissure, name what is superior and inferior to this fissure…

A

Cuneus- upper part of fissure, processes information from lower quadrant

lingula- lower part of fissure, processes information from upper quadrant

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10
Q

What are the temporal nerve fibers and nasal nerve fibers?

A

In the optic chiasm, nasal fibers cross to contralateral side
in the optic tract, 1 hemi visual field is made up of ipsilateral temporal n fibers and contralateral nasal n fibers
ex. looking left, information comes from right temporal n and left nasal n

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11
Q

Dorsal Stream comes from?
Ventral Stream comes from?

A

Parieto-occipital cortex, and direct movement (action stream)

Occipito-temporal cortex, and recognizes objects (perception stream)

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12
Q

Visual image is what and what when projected onto the retina?

A

Inverted and Reversed so for ex. when viewing something top left it projects onto the retina bottom right

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13
Q

When using your peripheral vision, image projects only to where?

A

ipsilateral nasal hemi-retina

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14
Q

What is the optokinetic reflex?
What is conjugate?

What is convergence vs divergence?

A

use of visual information to stabilize image during slow head movements

both eyes move in same direction

both eyes move toward midline when target moves from far to near

both eyes move away from midline to move from near to far

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15
Q

What are saccades?
Range in amplitude from, small to large movements when?

A

ballistic, rapid eye movements
aligning the fovea with part of the scene

small movements when reading
large movements when gazing around a room
up to 700 degrees/sec

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16
Q

What is smooth pursuit?
Velocity up to?

A

slower tracking movement of eyes
keeps moving object on the fovea
100 degrees per second

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17
Q

What are the two gaze centers in the reticular formation?

A

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)- horizontal gaze center

Rostral interstitial nucleus in midbrain reticular formation- vertical gaze center

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18
Q

What does the frontal eye field control?
What does the parieto-occipital-temporal cortex control?

A

Contralateral saccades and smooth pursuit, connected with contralateral PPRF directly and indirectly with superior colliculus

ipsilateral smooth pursuit, connected with vestib nucleus, cerebellum, and PPRF

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19
Q

Control of eye movements in the basal ganglia and cerebellum?

A

Proper initiation of eye movements in the oculomotor loop and motor loop

correct execution of eye movements in vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum

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20
Q

Lesion to R meyers loop would cause?
Lesion to R V1 (end of optic radiation) would cause?

A

Left superior homonymous quadrantanopsia

Left homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing

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21
Q

Muscles in the Middle Ear and what nerve???

A

Tensor tympani innervated by cranial nerve 5 and the stapedius innervated by cranial nerve 7

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22
Q

What is the organ of corti in the cochlea?

A

includes the hair cells that get bent that initiate mechanoelectrical transduction

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the medial superior olive and lateral superior olive?

A

Interaural time thru MSO in pons which is the time between ipsi ear and contra ear is delayed

Interaural intensity difference through LSO

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24
Hair cells in the SCC are in the?? The hair cells are most activated when?
Cupula When head starts or stops turning
25
What is habituation (non associative)?? Short term habituation? Long term habituation?
decrease in response to a repeated, non noxious stimuli Short term- reduction of excitatory NM release, concentration of Ca2+ Long term- decrease in synaptic connections
26
What is sensitization (non associative)? Why are its processes more complex than habituation?
caused by strengthening the response to a stimulus which is preceded by a noxious or intense stimulus alters the conductance of K+ allowing for more action potentials and NM release
27
What is classical conditioning (associative)? Hint: think of the office
an initially weak stimulus (conditioned stimulus) becomes effective in producing response (unconditioned response) when paired with another stronger stimulus (unconditioned stimulus)
28
What is operant conditioning (associative)?
Trial and error learning - behavior shaped by thoughts and motivation Reinforcement to strengthen the behavior or punishment to weaken the behavior
29
What is implicit procedural learning?
a type of unconscious learning where individuals acquire skills and habits through repeated practice ex. riding a bike or playing musical instrument
30
People with lesions to where have difficulty remembering factual knowledge?
bilateral medial temporal lobe
31
What are the two types of explicit learning?
Long term potentiation- similar to sensitization Long term depression- similar to habituation
32
What are the three types of long term potentiation?
Associativity- contributing fibers and post synaptic cells working together Cooperativity- requires more than 1 neuron working together Specificity- only the synapses that are highly active will exhibit LTP
33
In the cognitive phase, activation increases then decreases in what areas?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral sensorimotor cortices, and parietal areas and cerebellum
34
In the associative phase, increase in activity in?
Dentate nucleus, thalamus and putamen
35
In the autonomous phase, what areas increase activity?
basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellar nuclei
36
What is the difference between collateral sprouting and regenerative sprouting?
Collateral sprouting- neighbor neuron reinnervates denervated axon Regenerative sprouting- damaged neuron sends new sprouts to new target due to original target damage
37
What are the 10 principles of exercise-dependent plasticity?
Use it or lose it Use it and improve it Specificity Repetition matters Intensity matters Time matters Salience matters Age matters Transference Interference
38
Function of the limbic system?
H- homeostatic functions O- olfaction M- memory E- emotions
39
What is working memory? What areas responsible?
Short term storage and handling of information Lateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal association cortex and white matter tracts
40
What is declarative memory (explicit memory)? What is the medial temporal lobes function? What are the 3 stages?
Memories that can be verbalized Reorganizes memory for longer term storage but are not stored in medial temporal lobe Encoding, Consolidation (LTP- min to hours, medial temporal lobe- min to decades), and Retrieval
41
Activation of brain areas change during recall as memories age???
<12 yrs- medial temporal lobe 13 years plus- prefrontal, parietal, lateral temporal cortices
42
Episodic vs semantic declarative memory??
Episodic- personal events/experiences Semantic- learned common knowledge not related to personal experience
43
Difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia- cannot remember events prior to illness or injury Anterograde- cannot remember events after the illness/injury
44
What are the 6 structures involved with emotions and their functions?
Amygdala- emotions of fear and disgust Area 25 and thalamus- sadness/depression Anterior insula- awareness of feelings and internal stimuli Emotion loop- reward seeking behavior and finding pleasure
45
Stress is a disruption of homeostasis in what 3 systems?
Somatic- increase muscle tension Autonomic- Sympathetic activity induces blood flow to muscles and reduces it to skin, GI tract, and kidneys Neuroendocrine- Sympathetic activity causes adrenal medulla to release epinephrine to increase HR BP and metabolic rate
46
What is emotional lability/labile affect?
uncontrolled laughing or crying which may or may not be related to actual emotions
47
What is and what structures? Extraversion? Neuroticism? Agreeableness? Conscientiousness
Able to talk to ppl, ventral prefrontal cortex negative emotions, amygdala, cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus temporoparietal association area, cingulate gyrus understanding others emotions, lateral prefrontal cortex
48
What is intellect?
ability to develop concepts and to reason, which involve memory and ability to process mental experience. Scores on psych tests of intellect unrelated to behaviors in real life
49
What are the 3 phases of voluntary movement?
Target identification- posterior parietal cortex Planning of action- premotor areas of frontal cortex Execution of action- primary motor cortex
50
What is the primary motor cortex?
often 1:1 relationship between cells stimulated and resultant activation of alpha motor neurons same size per body weight, humans and monkeys
51
What is the lateral premotor cortex?
6 times larger in humans than in monkeys important for leaning new movement sequences
52
What is the supplementary motor area?
performance of prelearned sequences programming complex sets of movements posture
53
What is the posterior parietal cortex?
Responsible for spatial relationships of objects to each other and self
54
What is the neostriatum?
caudate and putamen critical for learning and habit formation
55
Cerebellum is more feedback or feedforward? Basal ganglia is more feedback or feedforward?
Feedback Feedforward
56
What fires AFTER start of movement? However cortical changes that occur with plasticity happen when?
Primary Somatosensory cortex after start of movement Before motor cortex
57
Lower levels in the SC, Brain Stem, and Cortical motor areas have? Higher levels in the SC, Brain Stem, and Cortical motor areas have?
LL- reflexes and rhythmic motor patterns HL- relatively general commands without having to specify details
58
Short term changes of synapse modification? Long term changes of synapse modification?
changes in neural transmission changes in gene expression/protein synthesis
59
Axonal injury in CNS most damage due to? Proximal axon vs distal axon?
Secondary cascading events prox- retracts and forms retraction ball with chromatolysis distal- undergoes wallerian degeneration
60
Why is axonal regeneration slower in the CNS? CNS releases what?
glial scars and lack of nerve growth release neurite outgrowth inhibitor (NOGO) expressed in oligodendrocytes (CNS) but not in Schwann cells (PNS)
61
What are the synaptic changes after injury?
1. Recovery of synaptic effectiveness 2. Denervation hypersensitivity 3. Synaptic hyper-effectiveness 4. unmasking/disinhibition of silent synapses
62
Where do these pathways convey information to from the vestibular nuclei? Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulospinal tracts Vestibulocolic pathways Vestibulothalamocortical pathways Vestibulocerebellar pathways Vestibuloreticular pathways
MLF- CN 3,4,6 and superior colliculus Vestibulo spinal- lower motor neurons Vestibulocolic- nucleus of spinal accessory N Vestibulothalamocortical- corticospinal tracts Vestibulocerbeellar- to vestibulocerebellum vestibuloreticular- to reticular formation influencing reticulospinal tracts
63
Location of plastic changes?
Motor unit recruitment at muscle level, progressing up pathway Variability in recruitment decreases with increased motor learning
64
Name one similarity between developmental plasticity in adults
Competition present at synapses
65
Spontaneous vs forced recovery?
Spontaneous- brain naturally recovery Forced- rehab techniques
66
Recovery vs Compensation at the neuronal level
Recovery- reactivating silent/ weak areas, likely to occur in penumbra Compensation- neurons take on new functions they didn’t have before
67
What are the stages of recovery after brain injury? Where does the PT fit in?
Rescue and salvage, repair and recovery, maintenance Most in repair and recovery, start within 24-48 hrs, can last for months-years
68
How many days of skilled training to cause neuro changes? Unskilled training does? Drugs to facilitate neuroplasticity?
12 days of skilled training Does not cause neuro plasticity but can cause circulatory changes in brain Amphetamines plus exercise Clonidine Haloperidol/haldok (restraint) Sleep!!!
69
How much therapy is needed to cause positive functional outcomes?
Amount of time is not related to outcomes, how that time spent is! Need to start aggressive treatments early on, emphasizing skill acquisition
70
What is the learned non use phenomenon?
Type of substitution where stroke patient does not want to use affected side, which exacerbated the problem. Past experience with using weaker limb, over reliance on stronger side.
71
What are force used activities?
Restraining the unaffected side to encourage the use of the affected side
72
Simple repetitive use is ___ to drive changes in the motor cortex. New____ is.
Insufficient Motor skill acquisition
73
What is the sequential order for motor skill?
Motor skill, synapse formstion,map changes
74
Exercise vs practice?
Practice is goal directed and purposeful Exercise is repetitions of a movement that has already been learned
75
What type of practice is best for learning?
Distributed and variable Random is good for long term while blocked may be good to learn in short term

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