NEURO WK 1

Question 1

2 main types of neurones and their innervations

Answer 1

multipolar → motor innervation and autonomic, CNS

unipolar - sensory innervation, PNS

Question 2

Dermatome of nipple, umbilicus, posterior scalp, neck and shoulder, upper limb, lower limb

Answer 2

T4
T10
C2-C4
C5-T1
L2-Co1

Question 3

Cranial nerves and their CNS connection

Answer 3

I - forebrain
II - forebrain
III - MIDbrain
IV - midbrain
V - pons
VI - junction
VII - junction
VIII - junction
IX - medulla
X - medulla
XI - spinal cord
XII - medulla

Question 4

what type of innervation for anterior/ventral root? And posterior/dorsal root?

Answer 4

motor
sensory

Question 5

dermatome vs myotome

Answer 5

dermatome - sensation
myotome - movement

Question 6

what are the 3 visible swellings or vesicles in early development? → later becomes 5

Answer 6

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

Question 7

what are glial cells and their 4 types ??

Answer 7

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
microglia
ependymal

Question 8

what makes up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 8

globus pallidus
putamen

Question 9

meninges and its 3 coverings

Answer 9

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 10

what 2 muscles causes spine flexion and extension ??

Answer 10

flexion:
psoas major and rectus abdominis
extension:
erector spinalis

Question 11

paralysis vs spasticity

Answer 11

loss of muscle function

stiff muscles and increased muscle tone

Question 12

which nerve compression by uncal herniation leads to an ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil?

Answer 12

CN III

Question 13

at what level do you do a lumbar puncture?? and whyyy

Answer 13

L3/L4 - mostly sensory as it is done at the back
Spinal cord ends at L1/L2
avoids inadvertent damage to the conus medullaris, which typically terminates at L1
to get CSF in subarachnoid space

Question 14

2 pathways of spinothalamic tract?

Answer 14

anterior/lateral

Question 15

clinical testing of reflexes, biceps, triceps, knee, ankle and brachioradialis

Answer 15

C5-C6
C8-T1
L3-L4
S1-S2

Question 16

spinal nerve dermatomes

Answer 16

CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
SACRAL

Question 17

what membrane separates scale vestibule and scala media?

Answer 17

reissner’s membrane

Question 18

3 components of the cochlea? What fluid are they made up of ??

Answer 18

scala vestibule - perilymph
scala media - endo
scala tympani - peri

Question 19

what nerves form the first part of the afferent limb of the corneal aka blink reflex?

Answer 19

trigeminal V1

Question 20

what pathway is involved in propioception?

Answer 20

dorsal column

Question 21

Cranial nerves and their foramen openings

Answer 21

I - cribriform plate
II - optic canal
III - superior orbital fissure
IV - superior orbital fissure
V - superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale
VI - superior orbital fissure
VII - internal acoustic meatus
VIII - internal acoustic meatus
IX - jugular foramen
X - jugular foramen
XI - jugular foramen
XII - hypoglossal canal

Question 22

C1, C2, C7 - atypical vertebrae

Answer 22

C1 - Lacks a vertebral body (replaced by anterior and posterior arches).
Does not have a spinous process.

C2 - Contains a unique bony process called the dens (odontoid process) that projects upward from the vertebral body.

C7 - Has a long and prominent spinous process

Question 23

what joint is responsible for head nodding / SHAKING ??

Answer 23

nodding = Atlanto-occipital Joint (BETWEEN C1 AND OCCIPITAL BONE)

shaking = atlantoaxial joint (formed between C1 and C2)

Question 24

laminectomy pathway - what layers do you go thru

Answer 24

skin
fat
paraspinal muscles
supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligaments
ligamentum flavum

Question 25

epidural pathway - what layers do you go thru

Answer 25

skin -> fat-> supraspinous and interspinous ligaments ligamentum flavum the epidural needle stops before penetrating the dura mater and spinal cord or nerve roots within the spinal canal.

Question 26

in caudal anaesthesia, local anaesthetic is injected into the ________ ________ to anaesthetise the sacral spinal nerve roots of the ________ ________

Answer 26

sacral hiatus cauda equina

Question 27

peripheral nerve motor innervation of whole body

Question 28

circle of willis

Answer 28

communicating anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries basilar artery pontine

Question 29

clinical testing of all cranial nerves

Answer 29

cotton wool tongue depressor

Question 30

what does conus medullaris become after ending ??

Answer 30

cauda equina.

Question 31

location of lamina, lamina of rexed

Answer 31

REXED - I to X in gray matter Lamina I: Also known as the marginal layer, involved in pain and temperature sensation. Lamina II (Substantia Gelatinosa): Involved in processing nociceptive (pain) information. Lamina IV: Associated with sensory relay and integration. Lamina VII: Contains motor neurons that project to skeletal muscles. Lamina X: Central canal region, containing cerebrospinal fluid and ependymal cells.

Question 32

where is the somatosensory area and primary motor area in the brain??

Answer 32

somatosensory - postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe in the brain. motor - precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in the brain, just anterior (in front) of the central sulcus.

Question 33

where is a common location of cerebral vascular accident??

Answer 33

INTERNAL CAPSULE

Question 34

clinical testing of upper / lower limb myotomes

Answer 34

upper and lower neuro exam