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PSGY1003 Biological Psychology > neuroanatomy 1 > Flashcards

neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the nervous system divided into?

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what is the central nervous system (CNS) made up of?

A

brain
spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of?

A
  • nerves
  • connects all different organs to the central nervous system
  • motor pathways
  • sensory pathways
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4
Q

what do motor pathways involve?

A

sends information to muscles from nervous system

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5
Q

what do sensory pathways involve?

A

these bring information from sensory systems in to the central nervous system

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6
Q

Identify 3 main structures of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brain Stem
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7
Q

Define contralateral

A

opposite side

i.e.: left side of brain control the contralateral side of body

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8
Q

Define Ipsilateral

A

same side

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9
Q

How much blood flow from heart goes to the brain?

A

20%

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10
Q

What is the anterior (rostral) part of the brain?

A

front of brain

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11
Q

What is the posterior (caudal) part of the brain?

A

back of the brain

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11
Q

What is the dorsal (superior) part of the brain?

A

top of the brain

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12
Q

What is the inferior (ventral) part of the brain?

A

bottom of the brain

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13
Q

define medial

A

towards the middle

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14
Q

define lateral

A

towards the side

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15
Q

define frontal/coronal plane

A

means parallel to your forehead

imagine slicing through brain parallel to forehead

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16
Q

define sagittal plane

A

means the side view

imagine slicing through the brain, through the nose

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17
Q

define horizontal plane

A

means the plane is parallel to the ground

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18
Q

what is grey matter made up of?

A

cell bodies and dendrites

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19
Q

identify parts of the brain that are made up of grey matter

A

cortex

basal ganglia

thalamus

20
Q

what is white matter made up of?

A

myelinated axons

21
Q

give an example of a white matter structure

A

corpus callosum

22
Q

define commissure

A

a pathway that connects the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere

an example of this would be the corpus callosum

23
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

the largest fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres

200 million fibers

24
Q

how is the brain and spinal protected

A

bone and tissue

25
Q

what is the tissue called that protects the brain and spinal cord?

A

meninges

26
Q

describe the three layers of the meninges

A
  1. dura mater
    outer layer
  2. arachnoid membrane
    second layer
  3. pia mater
    layer that directly covers the brain
27
Q

what is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges

from viral or bacterial infection

28
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

clear liquid that fills subarachnoid space

29
Q

what is subarachnoid space?

A

space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

30
Q

what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • shock absorber
  • buoyancy
    important as brain is quite heavy
    brain floats in layer of CSF
    CSF reduces weight of brain
31
Q

where does the CSF come from? Explain.

A

the ventricular system

produced by a membrane called choroid plexus by filtering blood

32
Q

what is the ventricular system?

A
  • these are cavities in the brain
  • they are filled with CSF
  • you have two lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere)
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
33
Q

what is the function of the ventricular system?

A

exchanging of materials between blood vessels and brain tissue

gaining nutrients from blood supply
removing waste products

34
Q

identify another protection of the brain

A

blood-brain barrier

35
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • semi-permeable barrier
  • does not have gaps that permit the free flow of substances into and out of the blood (like capillaries in the rest of the body)
  • only lipid soluble substances can pass through
36
Q

what is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • maintain a stable environment in the brain
  • protection from potentially disruptive/damaging chemicals
37
Q

what is a problem with the blood-brain barrier?

A

if medicine is needed to get into the brain for treatment, blood-brain barrier stops medicine from getting in

38
Q

outline features of the cerebral cortex

A
  • 3mm thick
  • folded to allow bigger SA:V ratio (more neuron in a smaller space)
  • makes up 80% of brain mass
  • only contains 19% of brain cells
  • clefts/crack/grooves called sulci
  • folds/bulges called gyri
39
Q

identify the 4 lobes within the cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

40
Q

identify the names of major sulci and gyri

A

central sulcus
(goes down the centre of the brain)

precentral gyrus (fold/bulges before the central sulcus)

postcentral gyrus (fold/bulges after the central sulcus)

sylvian fissure/lateral fissure (the crack the separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe)

41
Q

describe the frontal lobe

A
  • anterior area of the cortex
  • rostral to parietal lobe
  • dorsal to temporal lobe
  • divided from parietal lobe by central sulcus
  • responsible for motor function and cognition
  • decision making, planning, organising
42
Q

describe the parietal lobe

A
  • caudal to frontal lobe
  • dorsal to temporal lobe
  • responsible for somatosensory function
  • related to the body and senses
43
Q

describe the occipital lobe

A
  • caudal to parietal lobe and temporal lobe
  • responsible for vision function
44
Q

describe the temporal lobe

A
  • rostral to occipital lobe
  • ventral to parietal lobe and frontal lobe
  • responsible for hearing, vision, cognition and emotion
45
Q

what is it meant by primary areas of the brain?

A

defined specific areas where cortex processes information from the senses

46
Q

identify the primary areas in the brain

A

the following receive information from the senses:
primary somatosensory cortex

primary visual cortex

primary auditory cortex

the following are connected to muscle in the body:
primary motor cortex

all are contralateral

47
Q

what are primary association areas?

A

the areas that do the processing and analysing of the information received from the primary areas

PSGY1003 Biological Psychology (21 decks)

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